Merge pull request #502 from crawt/perf/settings-window-prewarm-hide-on-close

perf(settings): prewarm settings window and hide on close

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -230,6 +230,7 @@ jobs:
     if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') || (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.publish_release)
     permissions:
       contents: write
+      actions: read
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -243,6 +244,40 @@ jobs:
       - name: List artifacts
         run: ls -la artifacts/
 
+      - name: Verify update metadata files
+        run: |
+          missing=0
+          for f in latest-mac.yml latest.yml latest-linux.yml latest-linux-arm64.yml; do
+            if [ ! -f "artifacts/$f" ]; then
+              echo "::warning::Missing $f in merged artifacts, attempting recovery..."
+              missing=1
+            fi
+          done
+          if [ "$missing" = "1" ]; then
+            echo "Re-downloading individual artifacts to recover missing files..."
+            for name in netcatty-macos netcatty-windows netcatty-linux-x64 netcatty-linux-arm64; do
+              tmpdir="/tmp/artifact-${name}"
+              gh run download ${{ github.run_id }} --name "${name}" --dir "${tmpdir}" 2>/dev/null || true
+              if [ -d "${tmpdir}" ]; then
+                for yml in "${tmpdir}"/latest*.yml; do
+                  [ -f "$yml" ] && cp -v "$yml" artifacts/
+                done
+              fi
+            done
+            echo "After recovery:"
+            ls -la artifacts/*.yml
+          fi
+          # Final check — fail if any update yml is still missing
+          for f in latest-mac.yml latest.yml latest-linux.yml latest-linux-arm64.yml; do
+            if [ ! -f "artifacts/$f" ]; then
+              echo "::error::$f is still missing after recovery attempt"
+              exit 1
+            fi
+          done
+          echo "All update metadata files present."
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
       - name: Verify downloaded Linux amd64 deb artifact
         run: |
           deb_file="$(find artifacts -maxdepth 1 -type f -name '*-linux-amd64.deb' -print | sort | head -n 1)"

App.tsx

@@ -381,16 +381,11 @@ function App({ settings }: { settings: SettingsState }) {
     }
   }, [updateState.autoDownloadStatus, updateState.latestRelease?.version, t, installUpdate, openReleasePage]);
 
-  // Memoize keys for port forwarding to prevent unnecessary re-renders
-  const portForwardingKeys = useMemo(
-    () => keys.map((k) => ({ id: k.id, privateKey: k.privateKey, passphrase: k.passphrase, })),
-    [keys]
-  );
-
   // Auto-start port forwarding rules on app launch
   usePortForwardingAutoStart({
     hosts,
-    keys: portForwardingKeys,
+    keys,
+    identities,
   });
 
   // Sync tray menu data + handle tray actions
@@ -452,9 +447,8 @@ function App({ settings }: { settings: SettingsState }) {
         return;
       }
 
-      const keysForPf = keys.map((k) => ({ id: k.id, privateKey: k.privateKey, passphrase: k.passphrase }));
       if (start) {
-        void startTunnel(rule, host, keysForPf, (status, error) => {
+        void startTunnel(rule, host, hosts, keys, identities, (status, error) => {
           if (status === "error" && error) toast.error(error);
         }, rule.autoStart);
       } else {
@@ -466,7 +460,7 @@ function App({ settings }: { settings: SettingsState }) {
       unsubscribeFocus?.();
       unsubscribeToggle?.();
     };
-  }, [hosts, keys, portForwardingRules, sessions, setActiveTabId, setWorkspaceFocusedSession, startTunnel, stopTunnel, t]);
+  }, [hosts, identities, keys, portForwardingRules, sessions, setActiveTabId, setWorkspaceFocusedSession, startTunnel, stopTunnel, t]);
 
   // Tray panel actions (from main process)
   useEffect(() => {

application/i18n/locales/en.ts

@@ -99,6 +99,21 @@ const en: Messages = {
   'settings.system.credentials.unavailableHint': 'Credentials encrypted on another user profile or machine cannot be decrypted here. Re-enter and save credentials on this device.',
   'settings.system.credentials.portabilityHint': 'Cloud Sync is portable because it uses your master key encryption. Local safeStorage encryption is device/user scoped.',
 
+  // Settings > System > Crash Logs
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.title': 'Crash Logs',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.description': 'View error logs from the main process to help diagnose unexpected behavior.',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.noLogs': 'No crash logs found.',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.entries': '{count} entries',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.clear': 'Clear all logs',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.cleared': 'Cleared {count} log file(s).',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.source': 'Source',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.time': 'Time',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.message': 'Message',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.stack': 'Stack Trace',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.hint': 'Crash logs are retained for 30 days and automatically rotated.',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.collapse': 'Collapse',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.expand': 'Show details',
+
   // Settings > System > Software Update
   'settings.update.title': 'Software Update',
   'settings.update.currentVersion': 'Current version',
@@ -296,6 +311,9 @@ const en: Messages = {
   'settings.terminal.behavior.scrollOnPaste': 'Scroll on paste',
   'settings.terminal.behavior.scrollOnPaste.desc':
     'Scroll terminal to bottom when pasting text',
+  'settings.terminal.behavior.smoothScrolling': 'Smooth scrolling',
+  'settings.terminal.behavior.smoothScrolling.desc':
+    'Animate terminal viewport scrolling instead of jumping instantly',
   'settings.terminal.behavior.linkModifier': 'Link modifier key',
   'settings.terminal.behavior.linkModifier.desc': 'Hold this key to click on links in terminal',
   'settings.terminal.behavior.linkModifier.none': 'None (click directly)',
@@ -876,9 +894,12 @@ const en: Messages = {
   'hostDetails.password.save': 'Save password',
   'hostDetails.identity.suggestions': 'Identities',
   'hostDetails.identity.missing': 'Identity not found',
-  'hostDetails.credential.keyCertificate': 'Key, Certificate',
+  'hostDetails.credential.keyCertificate': 'Key, Certificate, Local Key File',
   'hostDetails.credential.key': 'Key',
   'hostDetails.credential.certificate': 'Certificate',
+  'hostDetails.credential.localKeyFile': 'Local Key File',
+  'hostDetails.credential.localKeyFilePlaceholder': '~/.ssh/id_ed25519',
+  'hostDetails.credential.browseKeyFile': 'Browse...',
   'hostDetails.credential.missing': 'Credential not found',
   'hostDetails.keys.search': 'Search keys...',
   'hostDetails.keys.empty': 'No keys available',

application/i18n/locales/zh-CN.ts

@@ -83,6 +83,21 @@ const zhCN: Messages = {
   'settings.system.credentials.unavailableHint': '在其他用户或机器上加密的凭据无法在此处解密。请在当前设备重新输入并保存凭据。',
   'settings.system.credentials.portabilityHint': '云同步可跨设备，因为使用主密钥加密；本地 safeStorage 加密仅绑定当前系统用户/设备。',
 
+  // Settings > System > Crash Logs
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.title': '崩溃日志',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.description': '查看主进程错误日志，帮助诊断异常行为。',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.noLogs': '未找到崩溃日志。',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.entries': '{count} 条记录',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.clear': '清除所有日志',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.cleared': '已清除 {count} 个日志文件。',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.source': '来源',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.time': '时间',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.message': '消息',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.stack': '堆栈跟踪',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.hint': '崩溃日志保留 30 天，超期自动清理。',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.collapse': '收起',
+  'settings.system.crashLogs.expand': '查看详情',
+
   // Settings > System > Software Update
   'settings.update.title': '软件更新',
   'settings.update.currentVersion': '当前版本',
@@ -568,9 +583,12 @@ const zhCN: Messages = {
   'hostDetails.password.save': '保存密码',
   'hostDetails.identity.suggestions': '身份',
   'hostDetails.identity.missing': '身份不存在',
-  'hostDetails.credential.keyCertificate': '密钥 / 证书',
+  'hostDetails.credential.keyCertificate': '密钥 / 证书 / 本地密钥',
   'hostDetails.credential.key': '密钥',
   'hostDetails.credential.certificate': '证书',
+  'hostDetails.credential.localKeyFile': '本地密钥文件',
+  'hostDetails.credential.localKeyFilePlaceholder': '~/.ssh/id_ed25519',
+  'hostDetails.credential.browseKeyFile': '浏览…',
   'hostDetails.credential.missing': '凭据不存在',
   'hostDetails.keys.search': '搜索密钥…',
   'hostDetails.keys.empty': '暂无密钥',
@@ -1204,6 +1222,8 @@ const zhCN: Messages = {
   'settings.terminal.behavior.scrollOnKeyPress.desc': '按键（例如 Enter）时将终端滚动到底部',
   'settings.terminal.behavior.scrollOnPaste': '粘贴时自动滚动',
   'settings.terminal.behavior.scrollOnPaste.desc': '粘贴文本时将终端滚动到底部',
+  'settings.terminal.behavior.smoothScrolling': '平滑滚动',
+  'settings.terminal.behavior.smoothScrolling.desc': '滚动终端视口时使用平滑动画',
   'settings.terminal.behavior.linkModifier': '链接修饰键',
   'settings.terminal.behavior.linkModifier.desc': '按住此键再点击终端中的链接',
   'settings.terminal.behavior.linkModifier.none': '无（直接点击）',

application/state/sftp/types.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ export interface SftpPane {
   loading: boolean;
   reconnecting: boolean;
   error: string | null;
+  connectionLogs: string[];
   selectedFiles: Set<string>;
   filter: string;
   filenameEncoding: SftpFilenameEncoding;
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ export const createEmptyPane = (
   loading: false,
   reconnecting: false,
   error: null,
+  connectionLogs: [],
   selectedFiles: new Set(),
   filter: "",
   filenameEncoding: "auto",

application/state/sftp/useSftpConnections.ts

@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ export const useSftpConnections = ({
           loading: true,
           reconnecting: false,
           error: null,
+          connectionLogs: [],
           filenameEncoding, // Reset encoding for new connection
         }));
 
@@ -213,13 +214,57 @@ export const useSftpConnections = ({
           loading: true,
           reconnecting: prev.reconnecting,
           error: null,
+          connectionLogs: [],
           files: prev.reconnecting ? prev.files : (sharedHostCache?.files ?? []),
           filenameEncoding, // Reset encoding for new connection
         }));
 
+        // Subscribe to SFTP connection progress events for auth logging
+        const sftpSessionId = `sftp-${connectionId}`;
+        let unsubSftpProgress: (() => void) | undefined;
+        const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
+        if (bridge?.onSftpConnectionProgress) {
+          unsubSftpProgress = bridge.onSftpConnectionProgress((sid, label, status, detail) => {
+            if (sid !== sftpSessionId) return;
+            let logLine: string;
+            switch (status) {
+              case 'connecting':
+                logLine = `Connecting to ${label}...`;
+                break;
+              case 'authenticating':
+                logLine = `${label} - Key exchange complete`;
+                break;
+              case 'auth-attempt':
+                if (detail?.endsWith('rejected')) {
+                  logLine = `${label} - ✗ ${detail}`;
+                } else if (detail === 'all methods exhausted') {
+                  logLine = `${label} - ✗ All authentication methods exhausted`;
+                } else if (detail === 'waiting for user input...' || detail === 'user responded') {
+                  logLine = `${label} - ${detail}`;
+                } else {
+                  logLine = `${label} - Trying ${detail}...`;
+                }
+                break;
+              case 'connected':
+                logLine = `${label} - Connected`;
+                break;
+              case 'error':
+                logLine = `${label} - Error${detail ? `: ${detail}` : ''}`;
+                break;
+              default:
+                logLine = `${label} - ${status}${detail ? `: ${detail}` : ''}`;
+            }
+            // Only update if this is still the active request (avoids stale logs leaking)
+            if (navSeqRef.current[side] !== connectRequestId) return;
+            updateTab(side, activeTabId, (prev) => ({
+              ...prev,
+              connectionLogs: [...prev.connectionLogs, logLine],
+            }));
+          });
+        }
+
         try {
           const credentials = getHostCredentials(host);
-          const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
           const openSftp = bridge?.openSftp;
           if (!openSftp) throw new Error("SFTP bridge unavailable");
 
@@ -278,8 +323,24 @@ export const useSftpConnections = ({
           let homeDir = sharedHostCache?.homeDir ?? startPath;
 
           if (!sharedHostCache) {
-            const statSftp = netcattyBridge.get()?.statSftp;
-            if (statSftp) {
+            // Detect home directory: SSH exec `echo ~` → SFTP realpath('.') → hardcoded fallback
+            const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
+            let detected = false;
+
+            if (bridge?.getSftpHomeDir) {
+              try {
+                const result = await bridge.getSftpHomeDir(sftpId);
+                if (result?.success && result.homeDir) {
+                  startPath = result.homeDir;
+                  homeDir = result.homeDir;
+                  detected = true;
+                }
+              } catch {
+                // Fall through to hardcoded candidates
+              }
+            }
+
+            if (!detected) {
               const candidates: string[] = [];
               if (credentials.username === "root") {
                 candidates.push("/root");
@@ -289,63 +350,33 @@ export const useSftpConnections = ({
               } else {
                 candidates.push("/root");
               }
-              for (const candidate of candidates) {
-                try {
-                  const stat = await statSftp(sftpId, candidate, filenameEncoding);
-                  if (stat?.type === "directory") {
-                    startPath = candidate;
-                    homeDir = candidate;
-                    break;
-                  }
-                } catch {
-                  // Ignore missing/permission errors
-                }
-              }
-            } else {
-              if (credentials.username === "root") {
-                try {
-                  const rootFiles = await netcattyBridge.get()?.listSftp(sftpId, "/root", filenameEncoding);
-                  if (rootFiles) {
-                    startPath = "/root";
-                    homeDir = "/root";
-                  }
-                } catch {
-                  // Fallback path not available
-                }
-              } else if (credentials.username) {
-                try {
-                  const homeFiles = await netcattyBridge.get()?.listSftp(
-                    sftpId,
-                    `/home/${credentials.username}`,
-                    filenameEncoding,
-                  );
-                  if (homeFiles) {
-                    startPath = `/home/${credentials.username}`;
-                    homeDir = startPath;
-                  }
-                } catch {
-                  // Fall through to /root check
-                }
-                if (startPath === "/") {
+              const statSftp = bridge?.statSftp;
+              if (statSftp) {
+                for (const candidate of candidates) {
                   try {
-                    const rootFiles = await netcattyBridge.get()?.listSftp(sftpId, "/root", filenameEncoding);
-                    if (rootFiles) {
-                      startPath = "/root";
-                      homeDir = "/root";
+                    const stat = await statSftp(sftpId, candidate, filenameEncoding);
+                    if (stat?.type === "directory") {
+                      startPath = candidate;
+                      homeDir = candidate;
+                      break;
                     }
                   } catch {
-                    // Fallback path not available
+                    // Ignore missing/permission errors
                   }
                 }
               } else {
-                try {
-                  const rootFiles = await netcattyBridge.get()?.listSftp(sftpId, "/root", filenameEncoding);
-                  if (rootFiles) {
-                    startPath = "/root";
-                    homeDir = "/root";
+                // Fallback: probe candidates via listSftp when statSftp is unavailable
+                for (const candidate of candidates) {
+                  try {
+                    const files = await bridge?.listSftp(sftpId, candidate, filenameEncoding);
+                    if (files) {
+                      startPath = candidate;
+                      homeDir = candidate;
+                      break;
+                    }
+                  } catch {
+                    // Ignore missing/permission errors
                   }
-                } catch {
-                  // Fallback path not available
                 }
               }
             }
@@ -421,6 +452,7 @@ export const useSftpConnections = ({
             files,
             loading: false,
             reconnecting: false,
+            connectionLogs: [], // Clear after successful connect to avoid replay during navigation
           }));
         } catch (err) {
           if (navSeqRef.current[side] !== connectRequestId) return;
@@ -438,6 +470,8 @@ export const useSftpConnections = ({
             loading: false,
             reconnecting: false,
           }));
+        } finally {
+          unsubSftpProgress?.();
         }
       }
     },

application/state/sftp/useSftpDirectoryListing.ts

@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ export const useSftpDirectoryListing = () => {
           sizeFormatted: formatFileSize(size),
           lastModified,
           lastModifiedFormatted: formatDate(lastModified),
+          permissions: f.permissions,
           linkTarget: f.linkTarget as "file" | "directory" | null | undefined,
         };
       });

application/state/sftp/useSftpHostCredentials.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useCallback } from "react";
 import type { Host, Identity, SSHKey } from "../../../domain/models";
+import { isEncryptedCredentialPlaceholder, sanitizeCredentialValue } from "../../../domain/credentials";
 import { resolveHostAuth } from "../../../domain/sshAuth";
 
 interface UseSftpHostCredentialsParams {
@@ -24,22 +25,32 @@ export const useSftpHostCredentials = ({
           host: host.proxyConfig.host,
           port: host.proxyConfig.port,
           username: host.proxyConfig.username,
-          password: host.proxyConfig.password,
+          password: sanitizeCredentialValue(host.proxyConfig.password),
         }
         : undefined;
-
       let jumpHosts: NetcattyJumpHost[] | undefined;
       if (host.hostChain?.hostIds && host.hostChain.hostIds.length > 0) {
         jumpHosts = host.hostChain.hostIds
           .map((hostId) => hosts.find((h) => h.id === hostId))
           .filter((h): h is Host => !!h)
-          .map((jumpHost) => {
+          .map((jumpHost, index) => {
             const jumpAuth = resolveHostAuth({
               host: jumpHost,
               keys,
               identities,
             });
             const jumpKey = jumpAuth.key;
+            const hasConfiguredJumpProxyEndpoint =
+              index === 0 &&
+              !!(jumpHost.proxyConfig?.host && jumpHost.proxyConfig?.port);
+            if (
+              hasConfiguredJumpProxyEndpoint &&
+              jumpHost.proxyConfig?.username &&
+              isEncryptedCredentialPlaceholder(jumpHost.proxyConfig.password) &&
+              !sanitizeCredentialValue(jumpHost.proxyConfig.password)
+            ) {
+              throw new Error(`Proxy credentials for jump host "${jumpHost.label || jumpHost.hostname}" cannot be decrypted on this device. Open host settings and re-enter the proxy password.`);
+            }
             return {
               hostname: jumpHost.hostname,
               port: jumpHost.port || 22,
@@ -52,9 +63,23 @@ export const useSftpHostCredentials = ({
               keyId: jumpAuth.keyId,
               keySource: jumpKey?.source,
               label: jumpHost.label,
+              proxy: jumpHost.proxyConfig?.host && jumpHost.proxyConfig?.port
+                ? {
+                  type: jumpHost.proxyConfig.type,
+                  host: jumpHost.proxyConfig.host,
+                  port: jumpHost.proxyConfig.port,
+                  username: jumpHost.proxyConfig.username,
+                  password: sanitizeCredentialValue(jumpHost.proxyConfig.password),
+                }
+                : undefined,
+              identityFilePaths: jumpHost.identityFilePaths,
             };
           });
       }
+      const usesTargetProxyForFirstHop = !!proxyConfig && !jumpHosts?.[0]?.proxy;
+      if (usesTargetProxyForFirstHop && host.proxyConfig?.username && isEncryptedCredentialPlaceholder(host.proxyConfig.password) && !proxyConfig?.password) {
+        throw new Error("Proxy credentials cannot be decrypted on this device. Open host settings and re-enter the proxy password.");
+      }
 
       return {
         hostname: host.hostname,
@@ -70,6 +95,7 @@ export const useSftpHostCredentials = ({
         proxy: proxyConfig,
         jumpHosts: jumpHosts && jumpHosts.length > 0 ? jumpHosts : undefined,
         sudo: host.sftpSudo,
+        identityFilePaths: host.identityFilePaths,
       };
     },
     [hosts, identities, keys],

application/state/useAIState.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   STORAGE_KEY_AI_COMMAND_TIMEOUT,
   STORAGE_KEY_AI_MAX_ITERATIONS,
   STORAGE_KEY_AI_SESSIONS,
+  STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP,
   STORAGE_KEY_AI_AGENT_MODEL_MAP,
   STORAGE_KEY_AI_WEB_SEARCH,
 } from '../../infrastructure/config/storageKeys';
@@ -32,6 +33,12 @@ function getAIBridge() {
   return (window as unknown as { netcatty?: Record<string, (...args: unknown[]) => unknown> }).netcatty;
 }
 
+const AI_STATE_CHANGED_EVENT = 'netcatty:ai-state-changed';
+
+function emitAIStateChanged(key: string) {
+  window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent<{ key: string }>(AI_STATE_CHANGED_EVENT, { detail: { key } }));
+}
+
 function cleanupAcpSessions(sessionIds: string[]) {
   const bridge = getAIBridge();
   if (!bridge?.aiAcpCleanup || sessionIds.length === 0) return;
@@ -40,6 +47,48 @@ function cleanupAcpSessions(sessionIds: string[]) {
   }
 }
 
+export function cleanupOrphanedAISessions(activeTargetIds: Set<string>) {
+  const currentSessions = latestAISessionsSnapshot
+    ?? localStorageAdapter.read<AISession[]>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_SESSIONS)
+    ?? [];
+  const removedSessionIds = currentSessions
+    .filter((session) => session.scope.targetId && !activeTargetIds.has(session.scope.targetId))
+    .map((session) => session.id);
+
+  if (removedSessionIds.length === 0) return;
+
+  cleanupAcpSessions(removedSessionIds);
+
+  const removedSessionIdSet = new Set(removedSessionIds);
+
+  const nextSessions = currentSessions.filter((session) => {
+    if (!session.scope.targetId) return true;
+    return activeTargetIds.has(session.scope.targetId);
+  });
+  setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(nextSessions);
+  localStorageAdapter.write(STORAGE_KEY_AI_SESSIONS, pruneSessionsForStorage(nextSessions));
+  emitAIStateChanged(STORAGE_KEY_AI_SESSIONS);
+
+  const activeSessionIdMap = latestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot
+    ?? localStorageAdapter.read<Record<string, string | null>>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP)
+    ?? {};
+  let activeSessionMapChanged = false;
+  const nextActiveSessionIdMap = { ...activeSessionIdMap };
+
+  for (const [scopeKey, sessionId] of Object.entries(activeSessionIdMap)) {
+    if (sessionId && removedSessionIdSet.has(sessionId)) {
+      nextActiveSessionIdMap[scopeKey] = null;
+      activeSessionMapChanged = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (activeSessionMapChanged) {
+    setLatestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot(nextActiveSessionIdMap);
+    localStorageAdapter.write(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP, nextActiveSessionIdMap);
+    emitAIStateChanged(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP);
+  }
+}
+
 
 /** Maximum number of sessions to keep in localStorage. */
 const MAX_STORED_SESSIONS = 50;
@@ -66,6 +115,17 @@ function pruneSessionsForStorage(sessions: AISession[]): AISession[] {
   });
 }
 
+let latestAISessionsSnapshot: AISession[] | null = null;
+let latestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot: Record<string, string | null> | null = null;
+
+function setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(sessions: AISession[]) {
+  latestAISessionsSnapshot = sessions;
+}
+
+function setLatestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot(activeSessionIdMap: Record<string, string | null>) {
+  latestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot = activeSessionIdMap;
+}
+
 export function useAIState() {
   // ── Provider Config ──
   const [providers, setProvidersRaw] = useState<ProviderConfig[]>(() =>
@@ -117,7 +177,9 @@ export function useAIState() {
     sessionsRef.current = sessions;
   }, [sessions]);
   // Per-scope active session: keyed by `${scopeType}:${scopeTargetId}`
-  const [activeSessionIdMap, setActiveSessionIdMapRaw] = useState<Record<string, string | null>>({});
+  const [activeSessionIdMap, setActiveSessionIdMapRaw] = useState<Record<string, string | null>>(() =>
+    localStorageAdapter.read<Record<string, string | null>>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP) ?? {}
+  );
 
   // Per-agent model selection: remembers last selected model per agent
   const [agentModelMap, setAgentModelMapRaw] = useState<Record<string, string>>(() =>
@@ -129,8 +191,43 @@ export function useAIState() {
     localStorageAdapter.read<WebSearchConfig>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_WEB_SEARCH) ?? null
   );
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(sessions);
+  }, [sessions]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setLatestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot(activeSessionIdMap);
+  }, [activeSessionIdMap]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const validSessionIds = new Set(sessions.map((session) => session.id));
+    let changed = false;
+    const nextActiveSessionIdMap: Record<string, string | null> = {};
+
+    for (const [scopeKey, sessionId] of Object.entries(activeSessionIdMap)) {
+      const nextSessionId = sessionId && validSessionIds.has(sessionId) ? sessionId : null;
+      nextActiveSessionIdMap[scopeKey] = nextSessionId;
+      if (nextSessionId !== sessionId) {
+        changed = true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!changed) return;
+
+    setLatestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot(nextActiveSessionIdMap);
+    localStorageAdapter.write(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP, nextActiveSessionIdMap);
+    setActiveSessionIdMapRaw(nextActiveSessionIdMap);
+    emitAIStateChanged(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP);
+  }, [sessions, activeSessionIdMap]);
+
   const setActiveSessionId = useCallback((scopeKey: string, id: string | null) => {
-    setActiveSessionIdMapRaw(prev => ({ ...prev, [scopeKey]: id }));
+    setActiveSessionIdMapRaw(prev => {
+      const next = { ...prev, [scopeKey]: id };
+      setLatestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot(next);
+      localStorageAdapter.write(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP, next);
+      emitAIStateChanged(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP);
+      return next;
+    });
   }, []);
 
   const setAgentModel = useCallback((agentId: string, modelId: string) => {
@@ -303,9 +400,22 @@ export function useAIState() {
             setHostPermissionsRaw(perms ?? []);
             break;
           }
+          case STORAGE_KEY_AI_SESSIONS: {
+            const nextSessions = localStorageAdapter.read<AISession[]>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_SESSIONS) ?? [];
+            setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(nextSessions);
+            setSessionsRaw(nextSessions);
+            break;
+          }
           case STORAGE_KEY_AI_AGENT_MODEL_MAP:
             setAgentModelMapRaw(localStorageAdapter.read<Record<string, string>>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_AGENT_MODEL_MAP) ?? {});
             break;
+          case STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP: {
+            const nextActiveSessionIdMap =
+              localStorageAdapter.read<Record<string, string | null>>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP) ?? {};
+            setLatestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot(nextActiveSessionIdMap);
+            setActiveSessionIdMapRaw(nextActiveSessionIdMap);
+            break;
+          }
           case STORAGE_KEY_AI_WEB_SEARCH:
             setWebSearchConfigRaw(localStorageAdapter.read<WebSearchConfig>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_WEB_SEARCH) ?? null);
             break;
@@ -315,7 +425,33 @@ export function useAIState() {
       }
     };
     window.addEventListener('storage', handleStorage);
-    return () => window.removeEventListener('storage', handleStorage);
+    const handleLocalStateChanged = (event: Event) => {
+      const key = (event as CustomEvent<{ key?: string }>).detail?.key;
+      if (!key) return;
+      switch (key) {
+        case STORAGE_KEY_AI_SESSIONS:
+          setSessionsRaw(
+            latestAISessionsSnapshot
+              ?? localStorageAdapter.read<AISession[]>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_SESSIONS)
+              ?? [],
+          );
+          return;
+        case STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP:
+          setActiveSessionIdMapRaw(
+            latestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot
+              ?? localStorageAdapter.read<Record<string, string | null>>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP)
+              ?? {},
+          );
+          return;
+        default:
+          handleStorage({ key } as StorageEvent);
+      }
+    };
+    window.addEventListener(AI_STATE_CHANGED_EVENT, handleLocalStateChanged);
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('storage', handleStorage);
+      window.removeEventListener(AI_STATE_CHANGED_EVENT, handleLocalStateChanged);
+    };
   }, []);
 
   // ── Sync initial safety settings to MCP Server on mount ──
@@ -375,6 +511,7 @@ export function useAIState() {
     };
     setSessionsRaw(prev => {
       const next = [session, ...prev];
+      setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(next);
       persistSessions(next);
       return next;
     });
@@ -391,12 +528,19 @@ export function useAIState() {
     }
     setSessionsRaw(prev => {
       const next = prev.filter(s => s.id !== sessionId);
+      setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(next);
       persistSessions(next);
       return next;
     });
     if (scopeKey) {
       setActiveSessionIdMapRaw(prev => {
-        if (prev[scopeKey] === sessionId) return { ...prev, [scopeKey]: null };
+        if (prev[scopeKey] === sessionId) {
+          const next = { ...prev, [scopeKey]: null };
+          setLatestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot(next);
+          localStorageAdapter.write(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP, next);
+          emitAIStateChanged(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP);
+          return next;
+        }
         return prev;
       });
     }
@@ -415,12 +559,19 @@ export function useAIState() {
       const next = prev.filter(s => {
         return !(s.scope.type === scopeType && s.scope.targetId === targetId);
       });
+      setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(next);
       persistSessions(next);
       return next;
     });
     const scopeKey = `${scopeType}:${targetId}`;
     setActiveSessionIdMapRaw(prev => {
-      if (prev[scopeKey] != null) return { ...prev, [scopeKey]: null };
+      if (prev[scopeKey] != null) {
+        const next = { ...prev, [scopeKey]: null };
+        setLatestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot(next);
+        localStorageAdapter.write(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP, next);
+        emitAIStateChanged(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP);
+        return next;
+      }
       return prev;
     });
   }, [persistSessions]);
@@ -428,6 +579,7 @@ export function useAIState() {
   const updateSessionTitle = useCallback((sessionId: string, title: string) => {
     setSessionsRaw(prev => {
       const next = prev.map(s => s.id === sessionId ? { ...s, title, updatedAt: Date.now() } : s);
+      setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(next);
       persistSessions(next);
       return next;
     });
@@ -440,6 +592,7 @@ export function useAIState() {
           ? { ...s, externalSessionId, updatedAt: Date.now() }
           : s
       ));
+      setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(next);
       debouncedPersistSessions();
       return next;
     });
@@ -463,6 +616,7 @@ export function useAIState() {
         }
         return { ...s, messages: msgs, updatedAt: Date.now() };
       });
+      setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(next);
       debouncedPersistSessions();
       return next;
     });
@@ -476,6 +630,7 @@ export function useAIState() {
         msgs[msgs.length - 1] = updater(msgs[msgs.length - 1]);
         return { ...s, messages: msgs, updatedAt: Date.now() };
       });
+      setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(next);
       debouncedPersistSessions();
       return next;
     });
@@ -491,6 +646,7 @@ export function useAIState() {
         msgs[idx] = updater(msgs[idx]);
         return { ...s, messages: msgs, updatedAt: Date.now() };
       });
+      setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(next);
       debouncedPersistSessions();
       return next;
     });
@@ -503,29 +659,21 @@ export function useAIState() {
     }
     setSessionsRaw(prev => {
       const next = prev.map(s => s.id === sessionId ? { ...s, messages: [], updatedAt: Date.now() } : s);
+      setLatestAISessionsSnapshot(next);
       persistSessions(next);
       return next;
     });
   }, [persistSessions]);
 
   const cleanupOrphanedSessions = useCallback((activeTargetIds: Set<string>) => {
-    const removedSessionIds = sessionsRef.current
-      .filter(s => s.scope.targetId && !activeTargetIds.has(s.scope.targetId))
-      .map(s => s.id);
-    cleanupAcpSessions(removedSessionIds);
-    setSessionsRaw(prev => {
-      const next = prev.filter(s => {
-        // Keep sessions without a targetId (global scope)
-        if (!s.scope.targetId) return true;
-        // Keep sessions whose target still exists
-        return activeTargetIds.has(s.scope.targetId);
-      });
-      if (next.length !== prev.length) {
-        persistSessions(next);
-      }
-      return next;
-    });
-  }, [persistSessions]);
+    cleanupOrphanedAISessions(activeTargetIds);
+    setSessionsRaw(latestAISessionsSnapshot ?? localStorageAdapter.read<AISession[]>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_SESSIONS) ?? []);
+    setActiveSessionIdMapRaw(
+      latestAIActiveSessionMapSnapshot
+        ?? localStorageAdapter.read<Record<string, string | null>>(STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP)
+        ?? {},
+    );
+  }, []);
 
   // ── Provider CRUD helpers ──
   const addProvider = useCallback((provider: ProviderConfig) => {

application/state/usePortForwardingAutoStart.ts

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
  * This should be used at the App level to ensure auto-start happens
  * when the application starts, not when the user navigates to the port forwarding page.
  */
-import { useEffect, useRef } from "react";
-import { Host, PortForwardingRule } from "../../domain/models";
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from "react";
+import { Host, Identity, PortForwardingRule, SSHKey } from "../../domain/models";
 import { STORAGE_KEY_PORT_FORWARDING } from "../../infrastructure/config/storageKeys";
 import { localStorageAdapter } from "../../infrastructure/persistence/localStorageAdapter";
 import {
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ import { logger } from "../../lib/logger";
 
 export interface UsePortForwardingAutoStartOptions {
   hosts: Host[];
-  keys: { id: string; privateKey: string; passphrase: string }[];
+  keys: SSHKey[];
+  identities: Identity[];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -27,10 +28,37 @@ export interface UsePortForwardingAutoStartOptions {
 export const usePortForwardingAutoStart = ({
   hosts,
   keys,
+  identities,
 }: UsePortForwardingAutoStartOptions): void => {
   const autoStartExecutedRef = useRef(false);
   const hostsRef = useRef<Host[]>(hosts);
-  const keysRef = useRef<{ id: string; privateKey: string; passphrase: string }[]>(keys);
+  const keysRef = useRef<SSHKey[]>(keys);
+  const identitiesRef = useRef<Identity[]>(identities);
+
+  const isHostAuthReady = useCallback((host: Host, seen = new Set<string>()): boolean => {
+    if (!host || seen.has(host.id)) return true;
+    seen.add(host.id);
+
+    if (host.identityId) {
+      const identity = identitiesRef.current.find((candidate) => candidate.id === host.identityId);
+      if (!identity) return false;
+      if (identity.keyId && !keysRef.current.some((key) => key.id === identity.keyId)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    if (host.identityFileId && !keysRef.current.some((key) => key.id === host.identityFileId)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    const chainIds = host.hostChain?.hostIds || [];
+    for (const chainId of chainIds) {
+      const chainHost = hostsRef.current.find((candidate) => candidate.id === chainId);
+      if (!chainHost) return false;
+      if (!isHostAuthReady(chainHost, seen)) return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }, []);
 
   // Keep refs in sync
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -41,6 +69,10 @@ export const usePortForwardingAutoStart = ({
     keysRef.current = keys;
   }, [keys]);
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    identitiesRef.current = identities;
+  }, [identities]);
+
   // Set up the reconnect callback
   useEffect(() => {
     const handleReconnect = async (
@@ -62,7 +94,7 @@ export const usePortForwardingAutoStart = ({
         return { success: false, error: "Host not found" };
       }
 
-      return startPortForward(rule, host, keysRef.current, onStatusChange, true);
+      return startPortForward(rule, host, hostsRef.current, keysRef.current, identitiesRef.current, onStatusChange, true);
     };
 
     setReconnectCallback(handleReconnect);
@@ -76,6 +108,17 @@ export const usePortForwardingAutoStart = ({
     if (autoStartExecutedRef.current) return;
     if (hosts.length === 0) return;
 
+    const storedRules = localStorageAdapter.read<PortForwardingRule[]>(
+      STORAGE_KEY_PORT_FORWARDING,
+    ) ?? [];
+    const pendingAutoStartRules = storedRules.filter((rule) => rule.autoStart && rule.hostId);
+    if (pendingAutoStartRules.some((rule) => {
+      const host = hosts.find((candidate) => candidate.id === rule.hostId);
+      return !host || !isHostAuthReady(host);
+    })) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     // Mark as executed immediately to prevent duplicate runs
     // (React StrictMode or dependency changes could cause re-runs)
     autoStartExecutedRef.current = true;
@@ -108,7 +151,9 @@ export const usePortForwardingAutoStart = ({
           void startPortForward(
             rule,
             host,
+            hosts,
             keys,
+            identities,
             (status, error) => {
               // Update the rule status in storage
               const currentRules = localStorageAdapter.read<PortForwardingRule[]>(
@@ -135,5 +180,5 @@ export const usePortForwardingAutoStart = ({
     };
 
     void runAutoStart();
-  }, [hosts, keys]);
+  }, [hosts, identities, isHostAuthReady, keys]);
 };

application/state/usePortForwardingState.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from "react";
-import { Host, PortForwardingRule } from "../../domain/models";
+import { Host, Identity, PortForwardingRule, SSHKey } from "../../domain/models";
 import {
   STORAGE_KEY_PF_PREFER_FORM_MODE,
   STORAGE_KEY_PF_VIEW_MODE,
@@ -63,7 +63,9 @@ export interface UsePortForwardingStateResult {
   startTunnel: (
     rule: PortForwardingRule,
     host: Host,
-    keys: { id: string; privateKey: string; passphrase: string }[],
+    hosts: Host[],
+    keys: SSHKey[],
+    identities: Identity[],
     onStatusChange?: (status: PortForwardingRule["status"], error?: string) => void,
     enableReconnect?: boolean,
   ) => Promise<{ success: boolean; error?: string }>;
@@ -377,14 +379,16 @@ export const usePortForwardingState = (): UsePortForwardingStateResult => {
     async (
       rule: PortForwardingRule,
       host: Host,
-      keys: { id: string; privateKey: string; passphrase: string }[],
+      hosts: Host[],
+      keys: SSHKey[],
+      identities: Identity[],
       onStatusChange?: (
         status: PortForwardingRule["status"],
         error?: string,
       ) => void,
       enableReconnect = false,
     ) => {
-      return startPortForward(rule, host, keys, (status, error) => {
+      return startPortForward(rule, host, hosts, keys, identities, (status, error) => {
         setRuleStatus(rule.id, status, error);
         onStatusChange?.(status, error ?? undefined);
       }, enableReconnect);

application/state/useSettingsState.ts

@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ import { DEFAULT_FONT_SIZE } from '../../infrastructure/config/fonts';
 import { DARK_UI_THEMES, LIGHT_UI_THEMES, UiThemeTokens, getUiThemeById } from '../../infrastructure/config/uiThemes';
 import { UI_FONTS, DEFAULT_UI_FONT_ID } from '../../infrastructure/config/uiFonts';
 import { uiFontStore, useUIFontsLoaded } from './uiFontStore';
-import { useAvailableFonts } from './fontStore';
 import { localStorageAdapter } from '../../infrastructure/persistence/localStorageAdapter';
 import { netcattyBridge } from '../../infrastructure/services/netcattyBridge';
 
@@ -155,7 +154,6 @@ const applyThemeTokens = (
 };
 
 export const useSettingsState = () => {
-  const availableFonts = useAvailableFonts();
   const uiFontsLoaded = useUIFontsLoaded();
   const [theme, setTheme] = useState<'dark' | 'light' | 'system'>(() => {
     const stored = readStoredString(STORAGE_KEY_THEME);
@@ -287,6 +285,10 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
   const localTerminalSettingsVersionRef = useRef(0);
   const broadcastedLocalTerminalSettingsVersionRef = useRef(0);
 
+  // Fix 1: Mount guard — skip redundant IPC broadcasts & localStorage writes on initial mount.
+  // Set to true by the LAST useEffect declaration; all persist effects see false on first render.
+  const persistMountedRef = useRef(false);
+
   const setTerminalSettings = useCallback((nextValue: SetStateAction<TerminalSettings>) => {
     setTerminalSettingsState((prev) => {
       const candidate = typeof nextValue === 'function'
@@ -334,6 +336,17 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
     const storedAccent = readStoredString(STORAGE_KEY_COLOR);
     const nextAccent = storedAccent && isValidHslToken(storedAccent) ? storedAccent.trim() : customAccent;
 
+    // Fix 2: Skip expensive DOM operations if nothing actually changed
+    if (
+      nextTheme === theme &&
+      nextLightId === lightUiThemeId &&
+      nextDarkId === darkUiThemeId &&
+      nextAccentMode === accentMode &&
+      nextAccent === customAccent
+    ) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     setTheme(nextTheme);
     setLightUiThemeId(nextLightId);
     setDarkUiThemeId(nextDarkId);
@@ -414,12 +427,11 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_UI_THEME_DARK, darkUiThemeId);
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_ACCENT_MODE, accentMode);
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_COLOR, customAccent);
-    // Notify other windows
+    // Fix 1: Skip IPC broadcast on initial mount (values already match localStorage)
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
+    // Fix 3: Send a single IPC instead of 5 — the receiver calls syncAppearanceFromStorage()
+    // which re-reads ALL appearance values from localStorage.
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_THEME, theme);
-    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_UI_THEME_LIGHT, lightUiThemeId);
-    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_UI_THEME_DARK, darkUiThemeId);
-    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_ACCENT_MODE, accentMode);
-    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_COLOR, customAccent);
   }, [theme, resolvedTheme, lightUiThemeId, darkUiThemeId, accentMode, customAccent, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Listen for OS color scheme changes to keep systemPreference in sync
@@ -437,7 +449,10 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_UI_LANGUAGE, uiLanguage);
     document.documentElement.lang = uiLanguage;
     netcattyBridge.get()?.setLanguage?.(uiLanguage);
-    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_UI_LANGUAGE, uiLanguage);
+    // Fix 1: Skip IPC broadcast on initial mount
+    if (persistMountedRef.current) {
+      notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_UI_LANGUAGE, uiLanguage);
+    }
   }, [uiLanguage, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Apply and persist UI font family
@@ -446,7 +461,10 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
     const font = uiFontStore.getFontById(uiFontFamilyId);
     document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--font-sans', font.family);
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_UI_FONT_FAMILY, uiFontFamilyId);
-    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_UI_FONT_FAMILY, uiFontFamilyId);
+    // Fix 1: Skip IPC broadcast on initial mount
+    if (persistMountedRef.current) {
+      notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_UI_FONT_FAMILY, uiFontFamilyId);
+    }
   }, [uiFontFamilyId, uiFontsLoaded, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Listen for settings changes from other windows via IPC
@@ -567,53 +585,76 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
     };
   }, []);
 
+  // Fix 4: Keep a ref snapshot of current settings so the storage event handler
+  // can compare without capturing 25+ state variables in its closure / dep array.
+  // This avoids constant listener detach/reattach on every state change.
+  const settingsSnapshotRef = useRef({
+    theme, lightUiThemeId, darkUiThemeId, accentMode, customAccent,
+    customCSS, uiFontFamilyId, hotkeyScheme, uiLanguage,
+    terminalThemeId, terminalFontFamilyId, terminalFontSize,
+    sftpDoubleClickBehavior, sftpAutoSync, sftpShowHiddenFiles,
+    sftpUseCompressedUpload, sftpAutoOpenSidebar,
+    editorWordWrap, sessionLogsEnabled, sessionLogsDir, sessionLogsFormat,
+    globalHotkeyEnabled, autoUpdateEnabled,
+  });
+  settingsSnapshotRef.current = {
+    theme, lightUiThemeId, darkUiThemeId, accentMode, customAccent,
+    customCSS, uiFontFamilyId, hotkeyScheme, uiLanguage,
+    terminalThemeId, terminalFontFamilyId, terminalFontSize,
+    sftpDoubleClickBehavior, sftpAutoSync, sftpShowHiddenFiles,
+    sftpUseCompressedUpload, sftpAutoOpenSidebar,
+    editorWordWrap, sessionLogsEnabled, sessionLogsDir, sessionLogsFormat,
+    globalHotkeyEnabled, autoUpdateEnabled,
+  };
+
   // Listen for storage changes from other windows (cross-window sync)
   useEffect(() => {
     const handleStorageChange = (e: StorageEvent) => {
+      const s = settingsSnapshotRef.current;
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_THEME && e.newValue) {
-        if (isValidTheme(e.newValue) && e.newValue !== theme) {
+        if (isValidTheme(e.newValue) && e.newValue !== s.theme) {
           setTheme(e.newValue);
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_UI_THEME_LIGHT && e.newValue) {
-        if (isValidUiThemeId('light', e.newValue) && e.newValue !== lightUiThemeId) {
+        if (isValidUiThemeId('light', e.newValue) && e.newValue !== s.lightUiThemeId) {
           setLightUiThemeId(e.newValue);
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_UI_THEME_DARK && e.newValue) {
-        if (isValidUiThemeId('dark', e.newValue) && e.newValue !== darkUiThemeId) {
+        if (isValidUiThemeId('dark', e.newValue) && e.newValue !== s.darkUiThemeId) {
           setDarkUiThemeId(e.newValue);
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_ACCENT_MODE && e.newValue) {
-        if ((e.newValue === 'theme' || e.newValue === 'custom') && e.newValue !== accentMode) {
+        if ((e.newValue === 'theme' || e.newValue === 'custom') && e.newValue !== s.accentMode) {
           setAccentMode(e.newValue);
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_COLOR && e.newValue) {
-        if (isValidHslToken(e.newValue) && e.newValue !== customAccent) {
+        if (isValidHslToken(e.newValue) && e.newValue !== s.customAccent) {
           setCustomAccent(e.newValue.trim());
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_CUSTOM_CSS && e.newValue !== null) {
-        if (e.newValue !== customCSS) {
+        if (e.newValue !== s.customCSS) {
           setCustomCSS(e.newValue);
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_UI_FONT_FAMILY && e.newValue) {
-        if (isValidUiFontId(e.newValue) && e.newValue !== uiFontFamilyId) {
+        if (isValidUiFontId(e.newValue) && e.newValue !== s.uiFontFamilyId) {
           setUiFontFamilyId(e.newValue);
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_HOTKEY_SCHEME && e.newValue) {
         const newScheme = e.newValue as HotkeyScheme;
-        if (newScheme !== hotkeyScheme) {
+        if (newScheme !== s.hotkeyScheme) {
           setHotkeyScheme(newScheme);
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_UI_LANGUAGE && e.newValue) {
         const next = resolveSupportedLocale(e.newValue);
-        if (next !== uiLanguage) {
+        if (next !== s.uiLanguage) {
           setUiLanguage(next as UILanguage);
         }
       }
@@ -636,64 +677,64 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
       }
       // Sync terminal theme from other windows
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_TERM_THEME && e.newValue) {
-        if (e.newValue !== terminalThemeId) {
+        if (e.newValue !== s.terminalThemeId) {
           setTerminalThemeId(e.newValue);
         }
       }
       // Sync terminal font family from other windows
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_TERM_FONT_FAMILY && e.newValue) {
-        if (e.newValue !== terminalFontFamilyId) {
+        if (e.newValue !== s.terminalFontFamilyId) {
           setTerminalFontFamilyId(e.newValue);
         }
       }
       // Sync terminal font size from other windows
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_TERM_FONT_SIZE && e.newValue) {
         const newSize = parseInt(e.newValue, 10);
-        if (!isNaN(newSize) && newSize !== terminalFontSize) {
+        if (!isNaN(newSize) && newSize !== s.terminalFontSize) {
           setTerminalFontSize(newSize);
         }
       }
       // Sync SFTP double-click behavior from other windows
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_DOUBLE_CLICK_BEHAVIOR && e.newValue) {
-        if ((e.newValue === 'open' || e.newValue === 'transfer') && e.newValue !== sftpDoubleClickBehavior) {
+        if ((e.newValue === 'open' || e.newValue === 'transfer') && e.newValue !== s.sftpDoubleClickBehavior) {
           setSftpDoubleClickBehavior(e.newValue);
         }
       }
       // Sync SFTP auto-sync setting from other windows
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_AUTO_SYNC && e.newValue !== null) {
         const newValue = e.newValue === 'true';
-        if (newValue !== sftpAutoSync) {
+        if (newValue !== s.sftpAutoSync) {
           setSftpAutoSync(newValue);
         }
       }
       // Sync SFTP show hidden files setting from other windows
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_SHOW_HIDDEN_FILES && e.newValue !== null) {
         const newValue = e.newValue === 'true';
-        if (newValue !== sftpShowHiddenFiles) {
+        if (newValue !== s.sftpShowHiddenFiles) {
           setSftpShowHiddenFiles(newValue);
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_EDITOR_WORD_WRAP && e.newValue !== null) {
         const newValue = e.newValue === 'true';
-        if (newValue !== editorWordWrap) {
+        if (newValue !== s.editorWordWrap) {
           setEditorWordWrapState(newValue);
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_SESSION_LOGS_ENABLED && e.newValue !== null) {
         const newValue = e.newValue === 'true';
-        if (newValue !== sessionLogsEnabled) {
+        if (newValue !== s.sessionLogsEnabled) {
           setSessionLogsEnabled(newValue);
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_SESSION_LOGS_DIR && e.newValue !== null) {
-        if (e.newValue !== sessionLogsDir) {
+        if (e.newValue !== s.sessionLogsDir) {
           setSessionLogsDir(e.newValue);
         }
       }
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_SESSION_LOGS_FORMAT && e.newValue) {
         if (
           (e.newValue === 'txt' || e.newValue === 'raw' || e.newValue === 'html') &&
-          e.newValue !== sessionLogsFormat
+          e.newValue !== s.sessionLogsFormat
         ) {
           setSessionLogsFormat(e.newValue);
         }
@@ -701,28 +742,28 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
       // Sync SFTP compressed upload setting from other windows
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_USE_COMPRESSED_UPLOAD && e.newValue !== null) {
         const newValue = e.newValue === 'true' || e.newValue === 'enabled';
-        if (newValue !== sftpUseCompressedUpload) {
+        if (newValue !== s.sftpUseCompressedUpload) {
           setSftpUseCompressedUpload(newValue);
         }
       }
       // Sync SFTP auto-open sidebar setting from other windows
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_AUTO_OPEN_SIDEBAR && e.newValue !== null) {
         const newValue = e.newValue === 'true';
-        if (newValue !== sftpAutoOpenSidebar) {
+        if (newValue !== s.sftpAutoOpenSidebar) {
           setSftpAutoOpenSidebar(newValue);
         }
       }
       // Sync global hotkey enabled setting from other windows
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_GLOBAL_HOTKEY_ENABLED && e.newValue !== null) {
         const newValue = e.newValue === 'true';
-        if (newValue !== globalHotkeyEnabled) {
+        if (newValue !== s.globalHotkeyEnabled) {
           setGlobalHotkeyEnabled(newValue);
         }
       }
       // Sync auto-update enabled setting from other windows
       if (e.key === STORAGE_KEY_AUTO_UPDATE_ENABLED && e.newValue !== null) {
         const newValue = e.newValue === 'true';
-        if (newValue !== autoUpdateEnabled) {
+        if (newValue !== s.autoUpdateEnabled) {
           setAutoUpdateEnabled(newValue);
         }
       }
@@ -730,25 +771,29 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
 
     window.addEventListener('storage', handleStorageChange);
     return () => window.removeEventListener('storage', handleStorageChange);
-  }, [theme, lightUiThemeId, darkUiThemeId, accentMode, customAccent, customCSS, uiFontFamilyId, hotkeyScheme, uiLanguage, terminalThemeId, terminalFontFamilyId, terminalFontSize, sftpDoubleClickBehavior, sftpAutoSync, sftpShowHiddenFiles, sftpUseCompressedUpload, sftpAutoOpenSidebar, editorWordWrap, sessionLogsEnabled, sessionLogsDir, sessionLogsFormat, globalHotkeyEnabled, autoUpdateEnabled, mergeIncomingTerminalSettings]);
+  }, [mergeIncomingTerminalSettings]); // Fix 4: stable deps only — state comparisons use settingsSnapshotRef
 
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_TERM_THEME, terminalThemeId);
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_TERM_THEME, terminalThemeId);
   }, [terminalThemeId, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_TERM_FONT_FAMILY, terminalFontFamilyId);
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_TERM_FONT_FAMILY, terminalFontFamilyId);
   }, [terminalFontFamilyId, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeNumber(STORAGE_KEY_TERM_FONT_SIZE, terminalFontSize);
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_TERM_FONT_SIZE, terminalFontSize);
   }, [terminalFontSize, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.write(STORAGE_KEY_TERM_SETTINGS, terminalSettings);
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     const currentSignature = serializeTerminalSettings(terminalSettings);
     const hasPendingUnbroadcastLocalChanges =
       localTerminalSettingsVersionRef.current !== broadcastedLocalTerminalSettingsVersionRef.current;
@@ -763,11 +808,13 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_HOTKEY_SCHEME, hotkeyScheme);
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_HOTKEY_SCHEME, hotkeyScheme);
   }, [hotkeyScheme, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.write(STORAGE_KEY_CUSTOM_KEY_BINDINGS, customKeyBindings);
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_CUSTOM_KEY_BINDINGS, customKeyBindings);
   }, [customKeyBindings, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
@@ -778,10 +825,7 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
 
   // Apply and persist custom CSS
   useEffect(() => {
-    localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_CUSTOM_CSS, customCSS);
-    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_CUSTOM_CSS, customCSS);
-
-    // Apply custom CSS to document
+    // Always apply CSS to document (needed on mount)
     let styleEl = document.getElementById('netcatty-custom-css') as HTMLStyleElement | null;
     if (!styleEl) {
       styleEl = document.createElement('style');
@@ -789,59 +833,69 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
       document.head.appendChild(styleEl);
     }
     styleEl.textContent = customCSS;
+    localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_CUSTOM_CSS, customCSS);
+    // Skip IPC on initial mount
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
+    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_CUSTOM_CSS, customCSS);
   }, [customCSS, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Persist SFTP double-click behavior
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_DOUBLE_CLICK_BEHAVIOR, sftpDoubleClickBehavior);
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_DOUBLE_CLICK_BEHAVIOR, sftpDoubleClickBehavior);
   }, [sftpDoubleClickBehavior, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Persist SFTP auto-sync setting
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_AUTO_SYNC, sftpAutoSync ? 'true' : 'false');
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_AUTO_SYNC, sftpAutoSync);
   }, [sftpAutoSync, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Persist SFTP show hidden files setting
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_SHOW_HIDDEN_FILES, sftpShowHiddenFiles ? 'true' : 'false');
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_SHOW_HIDDEN_FILES, sftpShowHiddenFiles);
   }, [sftpShowHiddenFiles, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Persist SFTP compressed upload setting
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_USE_COMPRESSED_UPLOAD, sftpUseCompressedUpload ? 'true' : 'false');
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_USE_COMPRESSED_UPLOAD, sftpUseCompressedUpload);
   }, [sftpUseCompressedUpload, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Persist SFTP auto-open sidebar setting
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_AUTO_OPEN_SIDEBAR, sftpAutoOpenSidebar ? 'true' : 'false');
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_SFTP_AUTO_OPEN_SIDEBAR, sftpAutoOpenSidebar);
   }, [sftpAutoOpenSidebar, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Persist Session Logs settings
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_SESSION_LOGS_ENABLED, sessionLogsEnabled ? 'true' : 'false');
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_SESSION_LOGS_ENABLED, sessionLogsEnabled);
   }, [sessionLogsEnabled, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_SESSION_LOGS_DIR, sessionLogsDir);
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_SESSION_LOGS_DIR, sessionLogsDir);
   }, [sessionLogsDir, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_SESSION_LOGS_FORMAT, sessionLogsFormat);
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_SESSION_LOGS_FORMAT, sessionLogsFormat);
   }, [sessionLogsFormat, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Persist and sync toggle window hotkey setting
   useEffect(() => {
-    localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_TOGGLE_WINDOW_HOTKEY, toggleWindowHotkey);
-    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_TOGGLE_WINDOW_HOTKEY, toggleWindowHotkey);
-    // Register/unregister the global hotkey in main process
+    // Register/unregister the global hotkey in main process (needed on mount)
     const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
     if (bridge?.registerGlobalHotkey) {
       if (toggleWindowHotkey && globalHotkeyEnabled) {
@@ -865,25 +919,32 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
         });
       }
     }
+    localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_TOGGLE_WINDOW_HOTKEY, toggleWindowHotkey);
+    // Skip IPC on initial mount
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
+    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_TOGGLE_WINDOW_HOTKEY, toggleWindowHotkey);
   }, [toggleWindowHotkey, globalHotkeyEnabled, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Persist global hotkey enabled setting
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_GLOBAL_HOTKEY_ENABLED, globalHotkeyEnabled ? 'true' : 'false');
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_GLOBAL_HOTKEY_ENABLED, globalHotkeyEnabled);
   }, [globalHotkeyEnabled, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Persist and sync close to tray setting
   useEffect(() => {
-    localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_CLOSE_TO_TRAY, closeToTray ? 'true' : 'false');
-    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_CLOSE_TO_TRAY, closeToTray);
-    // Update main process tray behavior
+    // Update main process tray behavior (needed on mount)
     const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
     if (bridge?.setCloseToTray) {
       bridge.setCloseToTray(closeToTray).catch((err) => {
         console.warn('[SystemTray] Failed to set close-to-tray:', err);
       });
     }
+    localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_CLOSE_TO_TRAY, closeToTray ? 'true' : 'false');
+    // Skip IPC on initial mount
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
+    notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_CLOSE_TO_TRAY, closeToTray);
   }, [closeToTray, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
   // Hydrate auto-update state from the main-process preference file on mount.
@@ -904,16 +965,11 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
   }, []);
 
   // Persist auto-update enabled setting.
-  // Skip IPC on initial mount to avoid overwriting the main-process preference
-  // file when localStorage has been cleared (where the default is true).
-  const autoUpdateMountedRef = useRef(false);
+  // Initial mount still writes localStorage, but skips cross-window/main-process IPC.
   useEffect(() => {
     localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_AUTO_UPDATE_ENABLED, autoUpdateEnabled ? 'true' : 'false');
+    if (!persistMountedRef.current) return;
     notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_AUTO_UPDATE_ENABLED, autoUpdateEnabled);
-    if (!autoUpdateMountedRef.current) {
-      autoUpdateMountedRef.current = true;
-      return; // Skip IPC on initial mount
-    }
     // Notify main process on user-initiated changes
     const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
     bridge?.setAutoUpdate?.(autoUpdateEnabled).catch((err: unknown) => {
@@ -921,6 +977,13 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
     });
   }, [autoUpdateEnabled, notifySettingsChanged]);
 
+  // Fix 1: Mark all persist effects as mounted.
+  // This MUST be declared AFTER all persist useEffects so that React runs it last
+  // during the initial mount cycle (effects fire in declaration order).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    persistMountedRef.current = true;
+  }, []);
+
   // Get merged key bindings (defaults + custom overrides)
   const keyBindings = useMemo((): KeyBinding[] => {
     return DEFAULT_KEY_BINDINGS.map(binding => {
@@ -983,11 +1046,6 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
     [terminalThemeId, customThemes]
   );
 
-  const currentTerminalFont = useMemo(
-    () => availableFonts.find(f => f.id === terminalFontFamilyId) || availableFonts[0],
-    [terminalFontFamilyId, availableFonts]
-  );
-
   const updateTerminalSetting = useCallback(<K extends keyof TerminalSettings>(
     key: K,
     value: TerminalSettings[K]
@@ -1018,7 +1076,6 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
     currentTerminalTheme,
     terminalFontFamilyId,
     setTerminalFontFamilyId,
-    currentTerminalFont,
     terminalFontSize,
     setTerminalFontSize,
     terminalSettings,
@@ -1052,7 +1109,6 @@ export const useSettingsState = () => {
       localStorageAdapter.writeString(STORAGE_KEY_EDITOR_WORD_WRAP, String(enabled));
       notifySettingsChanged(STORAGE_KEY_EDITOR_WORD_WRAP, enabled);
     }, [notifySettingsChanged]),
-    availableFonts,
     // Session Logs
     sessionLogsEnabled,
     setSessionLogsEnabled,

application/state/useTerminalBackend.ts

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ export const useTerminalBackend = () => {
     return bridge.onSessionExit(sessionId, cb);
   }, []);
 
-  const onChainProgress = useCallback((cb: (hop: number, total: number, label: string, status: string) => void) => {
+  const onChainProgress = useCallback((cb: (sessionId: string, hop: number, total: number, label: string, status: string, error?: string) => void) => {
     const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
     return bridge?.onChainProgress?.(cb);
   }, []);

components/AIChatSidePanel.tsx

@@ -420,7 +420,9 @@ const AIChatSidePanelInner: React.FC<AIChatSidePanelProps> = ({
 
   /** Ensure a session exists for the current scope and return its ID. */
   const ensureSession = useCallback((): string => {
-    if (activeSessionId) return activeSessionId;
+    if (activeSessionId && sessionsRef.current.some((session) => session.id === activeSessionId)) {
+      return activeSessionId;
+    }
     const scope: AISessionScope = { type: scopeType, targetId: scopeTargetId, hostIds: scopeHostIds };
     const session = createSession(scope, currentAgentId);
     setActiveSessionId(session.id);
@@ -543,6 +545,10 @@ const AIChatSidePanelInner: React.FC<AIChatSidePanelProps> = ({
     }));
     // Clear pending approvals for this session (so tool execute functions don't hang)
     clearAllPendingApprovals(activeSessionId);
+    // Cancel in-flight command executions (Catty Agent + ACP Agent)
+    const bridge = getNetcattyBridge();
+    bridge?.aiCattyCancelExec?.(activeSessionId);
+    bridge?.aiAcpCancel?.('', activeSessionId);
   }, [activeSessionId, setStreamingForScope, updateLastMessage, abortControllersRef]);
 
   const handleSelectSession = useCallback(

components/HostDetailsPanel.tsx

@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ import {
   Tag,
   TerminalSquare,
   User,
+  FileKey,
+  FolderOpen,
+  Trash2,
   Variable,
   Wifi,
   X,
@@ -69,7 +72,7 @@ import {
   ProxyPanel,
 } from "./host-details";
 
-type CredentialType = "sshid" | "key" | "certificate" | null;
+type CredentialType = "sshid" | "key" | "certificate" | "localKeyFile" | null;
 type SubPanel =
   | "none"
   | "create-group"
@@ -147,6 +150,9 @@ const HostDetailsPanel: React.FC<HostDetailsPanelProps> = ({
   // Password visibility state
   const [showPassword, setShowPassword] = useState(false);
 
+  // Local key file path input state
+  const [newKeyFilePath, setNewKeyFilePath] = useState("");
+
   // New group creation state
   const [newGroupName, setNewGroupName] = useState("");
   const [newGroupParent, setNewGroupParent] = useState("");
@@ -469,6 +475,7 @@ const HostDetailsPanel: React.FC<HostDetailsPanelProps> = ({
         authMethod: identity.authMethod,
         password: undefined,
         identityFileId: undefined,
+        identityFilePaths: undefined,
       }));
       setSelectedCredentialType(null);
       setCredentialPopoverOpen(false);
@@ -969,6 +976,31 @@ const HostDetailsPanel: React.FC<HostDetailsPanelProps> = ({
               </div>
             )}
 
+            {/* Local key file paths display */}
+            {!selectedIdentity && !form.identityFileId && form.identityFilePaths && form.identityFilePaths.length > 0 && (
+              <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                {form.identityFilePaths.map((keyPath, idx) => (
+                  <div key={idx} className="flex items-center gap-2 p-2 rounded-md bg-secondary/50 border border-border/60">
+                    <FileKey size={14} className="text-primary shrink-0" />
+                    <span className="text-xs flex-1 truncate font-mono" title={keyPath}>
+                      {keyPath}
+                    </span>
+                    <Button
+                      variant="ghost"
+                      size="icon"
+                      className="h-6 w-6 shrink-0"
+                      onClick={() => {
+                        const paths = form.identityFilePaths?.filter((_, i) => i !== idx) || [];
+                        update("identityFilePaths", paths.length > 0 ? paths : undefined);
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      <Trash2 size={12} />
+                    </Button>
+                  </div>
+                ))}
+              </div>
+            )}
+
             {/* Selected credential display */}
             {!selectedIdentity && form.identityFileId && (
               <div className="flex items-center gap-2 p-2 rounded-md bg-secondary/50 border border-border/60">
@@ -1046,6 +1078,20 @@ const HostDetailsPanel: React.FC<HostDetailsPanelProps> = ({
                           {t("hostDetails.credential.certificate")}
                         </span>
                       </button>
+
+                      <button
+                        type="button"
+                        className="w-full flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 rounded-md hover:bg-secondary/80 transition-colors text-left"
+                        onClick={() => {
+                          setSelectedCredentialType("localKeyFile");
+                          setCredentialPopoverOpen(false);
+                        }}
+                      >
+                        <FileKey size={16} className="text-muted-foreground" />
+                        <span className="text-sm font-medium">
+                          {t("hostDetails.credential.localKeyFile")}
+                        </span>
+                      </button>
                     </div>
                   </PopoverContent>
                 </Popover>
@@ -1067,6 +1113,7 @@ const HostDetailsPanel: React.FC<HostDetailsPanelProps> = ({
                     onValueChange={(val) => {
                       update("identityFileId", val);
                       update("authMethod", "key");
+                      update("identityFilePaths", undefined);
                       setSelectedCredentialType(null);
                     }}
                     placeholder={t("hostDetails.keys.search")}
@@ -1102,6 +1149,7 @@ const HostDetailsPanel: React.FC<HostDetailsPanelProps> = ({
                     onValueChange={(val) => {
                       update("identityFileId", val);
                       update("authMethod", "certificate");
+                      update("identityFilePaths", undefined);
                       setSelectedCredentialType(null);
                     }}
                     placeholder={t("hostDetails.certs.search")}
@@ -1121,6 +1169,67 @@ const HostDetailsPanel: React.FC<HostDetailsPanelProps> = ({
                   </Button>
                 </div>
               )}
+
+            {/* Local key file path input - appears after selecting "Local Key File" type */}
+            {!selectedIdentity &&
+              selectedCredentialType === "localKeyFile" &&
+              !form.identityFileId && (
+                <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                  <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
+                    <input
+                      type="text"
+                      className="flex-1 h-8 px-2 text-xs font-mono bg-background border border-border/60 rounded-md focus:outline-none focus:ring-1 focus:ring-ring"
+                      placeholder={t("hostDetails.credential.localKeyFilePlaceholder")}
+                      value={newKeyFilePath}
+                      onChange={(e) => setNewKeyFilePath(e.target.value)}
+                      onKeyDown={(e) => {
+                        if (e.key === "Enter" && newKeyFilePath.trim()) {
+                          e.preventDefault();
+                          const paths = [...(form.identityFilePaths || []), newKeyFilePath.trim()];
+                          update("identityFilePaths", paths);
+                          update("identityFileId", undefined);
+                          update("authMethod", "key");
+                          setNewKeyFilePath("");
+                        }
+                      }}
+                    />
+                    <Button
+                      variant="secondary"
+                      size="icon"
+                      className="h-8 w-8 shrink-0"
+                      title={t("hostDetails.credential.browseKeyFile")}
+                      onClick={async () => {
+                        const bridge = (window as unknown as { netcatty?: NetcattyBridge }).netcatty;
+                        if (!bridge?.selectFile) return;
+                        const filePath = await bridge.selectFile(
+                          "Select SSH Private Key",
+                          undefined,
+                          [{ name: "All Files", extensions: ["*"] }]
+                        );
+                        if (filePath) {
+                          const paths = [...(form.identityFilePaths || []), filePath];
+                          update("identityFilePaths", paths);
+                          update("identityFileId", undefined);
+                          update("authMethod", "key");
+                        }
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      <FolderOpen size={14} />
+                    </Button>
+                    <Button
+                      variant="ghost"
+                      size="icon"
+                      className="h-8 w-8 shrink-0"
+                      onClick={() => {
+                        setSelectedCredentialType(null);
+                        setNewKeyFilePath("");
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      <X size={14} />
+                    </Button>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              )}
           </div>
         </Card>
 

components/PortForwardingNew.tsx

@@ -130,7 +130,9 @@ const PortForwarding: React.FC<PortForwardingProps> = ({
         const result = await startTunnel(
           rule,
           _host,
-          keys.map((k) => ({ id: k.id, privateKey: k.privateKey, passphrase: k.passphrase })),
+          hosts,
+          keys,
+          identities,
           (status, error) => {
             // Show toast on error (only once)
             if (status === "error" && error && !errorShown) {
@@ -159,7 +161,7 @@ const PortForwarding: React.FC<PortForwardingProps> = ({
         });
       }
     },
-    [hosts, keys, setRuleStatus, startTunnel, t],
+    [hosts, identities, keys, setRuleStatus, startTunnel, t],
   );
 
   // Stop a port forwarding tunnel

components/QuickConnectWizard.tsx

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
 import React, { useMemo, useState } from "react";
 import { useI18n } from "../application/i18n/I18nProvider";
 import type { QuickConnectTarget } from "../domain/quickConnect";
+import { formatHostPort } from "../domain/host";
 import { cn } from "../lib/utils";
 import { Host, SSHKey } from "../types";
 import { Button } from "./ui/button";
@@ -531,11 +532,11 @@ const QuickConnectWizard: React.FC<QuickConnectWizardProps> = ({
       case "protocol":
         return target.hostname;
       case "username":
-        return `${protocol.toUpperCase()} ${target.hostname}:${port}`;
+        return `${protocol.toUpperCase()} ${formatHostPort(target.hostname, port)}`;
       case "knownhost":
-        return `${protocol.toUpperCase()} ${effectiveUsername}@${target.hostname}:${port}`;
+        return `${protocol.toUpperCase()} ${effectiveUsername}@${formatHostPort(target.hostname, port)}`;
       case "auth":
-        return `${protocol.toUpperCase()} ${target.hostname}:${port}`;
+        return `${protocol.toUpperCase()} ${formatHostPort(target.hostname, port)}`;
     }
   };
 

components/SettingsPage.tsx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 import { AppWindow, Cloud, FileType, HardDrive, Keyboard, Palette, Sparkles, TerminalSquare, X } from "lucide-react";
 import React, { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from "react";
 import { useSettingsState } from "../application/state/useSettingsState";
+import { useAvailableFonts } from "../application/state/fontStore";
 import { usePortForwardingState } from "../application/state/usePortForwardingState";
 import { useVaultState } from "../application/state/useVaultState";
 import { useWindowControls } from "../application/state/useWindowControls";
@@ -19,7 +20,6 @@ import SettingsTerminalTab from "./settings/tabs/SettingsTerminalTab";
 import SettingsSystemTab from "./settings/tabs/SettingsSystemTab";
 const SettingsAITab = React.lazy(() => import("./settings/tabs/SettingsAITab"));
 import { Tabs, TabsList, TabsTrigger } from "./ui/tabs";
-import type { TerminalFont } from "../infrastructure/config/fonts";
 
 const isMac = typeof navigator !== "undefined" && /Mac|iPhone|iPad/.test(navigator.platform);
 
@@ -45,12 +45,63 @@ class AITabErrorBoundary extends React.Component<
   }
 }
 
-type SettingsState = ReturnType<typeof useSettingsState> & {
-    availableFonts: TerminalFont[];
-};
+type SettingsState = ReturnType<typeof useSettingsState>;
 
 const SettingsSyncTab = React.lazy(() => import("./settings/tabs/SettingsSyncTab"));
 
+const SettingsTerminalTabContainer: React.FC<{ settings: SettingsState }> = ({ settings }) => {
+    const availableFonts = useAvailableFonts();
+
+    return (
+        <SettingsTerminalTab
+            terminalThemeId={settings.terminalThemeId}
+            setTerminalThemeId={settings.setTerminalThemeId}
+            terminalFontFamilyId={settings.terminalFontFamilyId}
+            setTerminalFontFamilyId={settings.setTerminalFontFamilyId}
+            terminalFontSize={settings.terminalFontSize}
+            setTerminalFontSize={settings.setTerminalFontSize}
+            terminalSettings={settings.terminalSettings}
+            updateTerminalSetting={settings.updateTerminalSetting}
+            availableFonts={availableFonts}
+        />
+    );
+};
+
+const SettingsAITabContainer: React.FC = () => {
+    const aiState = useAIState();
+
+    return (
+        <AITabErrorBoundary>
+            <React.Suspense fallback={<div className="flex-1 px-6 py-5 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading AI settings...</div>}>
+                <SettingsAITab
+                    providers={aiState.providers}
+                    addProvider={aiState.addProvider}
+                    updateProvider={aiState.updateProvider}
+                    removeProvider={aiState.removeProvider}
+                    activeProviderId={aiState.activeProviderId}
+                    setActiveProviderId={aiState.setActiveProviderId}
+                    activeModelId={aiState.activeModelId}
+                    setActiveModelId={aiState.setActiveModelId}
+                    globalPermissionMode={aiState.globalPermissionMode}
+                    setGlobalPermissionMode={aiState.setGlobalPermissionMode}
+                    externalAgents={aiState.externalAgents}
+                    setExternalAgents={aiState.setExternalAgents}
+                    defaultAgentId={aiState.defaultAgentId}
+                    setDefaultAgentId={aiState.setDefaultAgentId}
+                    commandBlocklist={aiState.commandBlocklist}
+                    setCommandBlocklist={aiState.setCommandBlocklist}
+                    commandTimeout={aiState.commandTimeout}
+                    setCommandTimeout={aiState.setCommandTimeout}
+                    maxIterations={aiState.maxIterations}
+                    setMaxIterations={aiState.setMaxIterations}
+                    webSearchConfig={aiState.webSearchConfig}
+                    setWebSearchConfig={aiState.setWebSearchConfig}
+                />
+            </React.Suspense>
+        </AITabErrorBoundary>
+    );
+};
+
 const SettingsSyncTabWithVault: React.FC<{ onSettingsApplied?: () => void }> = ({ onSettingsApplied }) => {
     const {
         hosts,
@@ -99,7 +150,6 @@ const SettingsPageContent: React.FC<{ settings: SettingsState }> = ({ settings }
     const { t } = useI18n();
     const { notifyRendererReady, closeSettingsWindow } = useWindowControls();
     const { updateState, checkNow, installUpdate, openReleasePage } = useUpdateCheck({ autoUpdateEnabled: settings.autoUpdateEnabled });
-    const aiState = useAIState();
     const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState("application");
     const [mountedTabs, setMountedTabs] = useState(() => new Set(["application"]));
 
@@ -231,17 +281,7 @@ const SettingsPageContent: React.FC<{ settings: SettingsState }> = ({ settings }
                     )}
 
                     {mountedTabs.has("terminal") && (
-                        <SettingsTerminalTab
-                            terminalThemeId={settings.terminalThemeId}
-                            setTerminalThemeId={settings.setTerminalThemeId}
-                            terminalFontFamilyId={settings.terminalFontFamilyId}
-                            setTerminalFontFamilyId={settings.setTerminalFontFamilyId}
-                            terminalFontSize={settings.terminalFontSize}
-                            setTerminalFontSize={settings.setTerminalFontSize}
-                            terminalSettings={settings.terminalSettings}
-                            updateTerminalSetting={settings.updateTerminalSetting}
-                            availableFonts={settings.availableFonts}
-                        />
+                        <SettingsTerminalTabContainer settings={settings} />
                     )}
 
                     {mountedTabs.has("shortcuts") && (
@@ -261,34 +301,7 @@ const SettingsPageContent: React.FC<{ settings: SettingsState }> = ({ settings }
                     )}
 
                     {mountedTabs.has("ai") && (
-                        <AITabErrorBoundary>
-                        <React.Suspense fallback={null}>
-                        <SettingsAITab
-                            providers={aiState.providers}
-                            addProvider={aiState.addProvider}
-                            updateProvider={aiState.updateProvider}
-                            removeProvider={aiState.removeProvider}
-                            activeProviderId={aiState.activeProviderId}
-                            setActiveProviderId={aiState.setActiveProviderId}
-                            activeModelId={aiState.activeModelId}
-                            setActiveModelId={aiState.setActiveModelId}
-                            globalPermissionMode={aiState.globalPermissionMode}
-                            setGlobalPermissionMode={aiState.setGlobalPermissionMode}
-                            externalAgents={aiState.externalAgents}
-                            setExternalAgents={aiState.setExternalAgents}
-                            defaultAgentId={aiState.defaultAgentId}
-                            setDefaultAgentId={aiState.setDefaultAgentId}
-                            commandBlocklist={aiState.commandBlocklist}
-                            setCommandBlocklist={aiState.setCommandBlocklist}
-                            commandTimeout={aiState.commandTimeout}
-                            setCommandTimeout={aiState.setCommandTimeout}
-                            maxIterations={aiState.maxIterations}
-                            setMaxIterations={aiState.setMaxIterations}
-                            webSearchConfig={aiState.webSearchConfig}
-                            setWebSearchConfig={aiState.setWebSearchConfig}
-                        />
-                        </React.Suspense>
-                        </AITabErrorBoundary>
+                        <SettingsAITabContainer />
                     )}
 
                     {mountedTabs.has("sync") && (

components/SftpSidePanel.tsx

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
  */
 
 import React, { memo, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from "react";
+import { formatHostPort } from "../domain/host";
 import { useI18n } from "../application/i18n/I18nProvider";
 import { useSftpState } from "../application/state/useSftpState";
 import { useSftpBackend } from "../application/state/useSftpBackend";
@@ -518,7 +519,7 @@ const SftpSidePanelInner: React.FC<SftpSidePanelProps> = ({
               />
               <div
                 className="min-w-0 flex-1 max-w-[calc(100%-1.75rem)] text-[11px] leading-5 truncate"
-                title={`${displayHost.label} · ${(displayHost.username || "root")}@${displayHost.hostname}:${displayHost.port || 22}`}
+                title={`${displayHost.label} · ${(displayHost.username || "root")}@${formatHostPort(displayHost.hostname, displayHost.port || 22)}`}
               >
                 <span className="font-medium">
                   {displayHost.label}

components/Terminal.tsx

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import React, { memo, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "
 // flushSync removed - no longer needed
 import { useI18n } from "../application/i18n/I18nProvider";
 import { logger } from "../lib/logger";
-import { cn } from "../lib/utils";
+import { cn, normalizeLineEndings, wrapBracketedPaste } from "../lib/utils";
 import {
   Host,
   Identity,
@@ -157,6 +157,10 @@ interface TerminalProps {
   onToggleComposeBar?: () => void;
   isWorkspaceComposeBarOpen?: boolean;
   onBroadcastInput?: (data: string, sourceSessionId: string) => void;
+  onSnippetExecutorChange?: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    executor: ((command: string, noAutoRun?: boolean) => void) | null,
+  ) => void;
   // Session log configuration for real-time streaming
   sessionLog?: { enabled: boolean; directory: string; format: string };
 }
@@ -216,6 +220,7 @@ const TerminalComponent: React.FC<TerminalProps> = ({
   onToggleComposeBar,
   isWorkspaceComposeBarOpen,
   onBroadcastInput,
+  onSnippetExecutorChange,
   sessionLog,
 }) => {
   // Timeout for connection - increased to 120s to allow time for keyboard-interactive (2FA) authentication
@@ -346,12 +351,12 @@ const TerminalComponent: React.FC<TerminalProps> = ({
   const isLocalConnection = host.protocol === "local";
   const isSerialConnection = host.protocol === "serial";
 
-  // Server stats (CPU, Memory, Disk) for Linux servers
+  // Server stats (CPU, Memory, Disk) — only for Linux/macOS
   const { stats: serverStats } = useServerStats({
     sessionId,
     enabled: terminalSettings?.showServerStats ?? true,
     refreshInterval: terminalSettings?.serverStatsRefreshInterval ?? 5,
-    isLinux: host.os === 'linux',
+    isSupportedOs: host.os === 'linux' || host.os === 'macos',
     isConnected: status === 'connected',
   });
 
@@ -635,28 +640,6 @@ const TerminalComponent: React.FC<TerminalProps> = ({
     // Local terminal and serial connections don't need timeout/progress UI
     if (isLocalConnection || isSerialConnection) return;
 
-    // Only show SSH-specific scripted logs for SSH connections
-    const isSSH = host.protocol !== "telnet";
-
-    let stepTimer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | undefined;
-    if (isSSH) {
-      const scripted = [
-        "Resolving host and keys...",
-        "Negotiating ciphers...",
-        "Exchanging keys...",
-        "Authenticating user...",
-        "Waiting for server greeting...",
-      ];
-      let idx = 0;
-      stepTimer = setInterval(() => {
-        setProgressLogs((prev) => {
-          if (idx >= scripted.length) return prev;
-          const next = scripted[idx++];
-          return prev.includes(next) ? prev : [...prev, next];
-        });
-      }, 900);
-    }
-
     setTimeLeft(CONNECTION_TIMEOUT / 1000);
     const countdown = setInterval(() => {
       setTimeLeft((prev) => (prev > 0 ? prev - 1 : 0));
@@ -679,7 +662,6 @@ const TerminalComponent: React.FC<TerminalProps> = ({
     }, 200);
 
     return () => {
-      if (stepTimer) clearInterval(stepTimer);
       clearInterval(countdown);
       clearTimeout(timeout);
       clearInterval(prog);
@@ -787,6 +769,10 @@ const TerminalComponent: React.FC<TerminalProps> = ({
           terminalSettings.drawBoldInBrightColors;
         termRef.current.options.minimumContrastRatio =
           terminalSettings.minimumContrastRatio;
+        termRef.current.options.smoothScrollDuration =
+          terminalSettings.smoothScrolling
+            ? XTERM_PERFORMANCE_CONFIG.rendering.smoothScrollDuration
+            : 0;
         termRef.current.options.scrollOnUserInput =
           shouldEnableNativeUserInputAutoScroll(terminalSettings);
         termRef.current.options.altClickMovesCursor = !terminalSettings.altAsMeta;
@@ -1061,11 +1047,43 @@ const TerminalComponent: React.FC<TerminalProps> = ({
   const scrollOnPasteRef = useRef(terminalSettings?.scrollOnPaste ?? true);
   scrollOnPasteRef.current = terminalSettings?.scrollOnPaste ?? true;
 
-  const scrollToBottomAfterProgrammaticInput = (data: string) => {
+  const scrollToBottomAfterProgrammaticInput = useCallback((data: string) => {
     if (termRef.current && shouldScrollOnTerminalInput(terminalSettingsRef.current, data)) {
       termRef.current.scrollToBottom();
     }
-  };
+  }, []);
+
+  const executeSnippetCommand = useCallback((command: string, noAutoRun?: boolean) => {
+    const term = termRef.current;
+    const id = sessionRef.current;
+    if (!term || !id) return;
+
+    let data = normalizeLineEndings(command);
+    const isMultiLine = data.includes('\n');
+    // Wrap in bracketed paste BEFORE appending \r so the Enter is sent
+    // outside the paste markers — otherwise shells treat it as pasted text
+    // instead of a submit action.
+    if (isMultiLine && term.modes.bracketedPasteMode && !disableBracketedPasteRef.current) {
+      data = wrapBracketedPaste(data);
+    }
+    if (!noAutoRun) data = `${data}\r`;
+
+    terminalBackend.writeToSession(id, data);
+    scrollToBottomAfterProgrammaticInput(data);
+    term.focus();
+  }, [scrollToBottomAfterProgrammaticInput, terminalBackend]);
+
+  // Only register the snippet executor once the terminal session is ready.
+  // Before that, TerminalLayer falls back to raw writeToSession which is the
+  // correct path for sessions that are still connecting.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (status !== "connected") {
+      onSnippetExecutorChange?.(sessionId, null);
+      return;
+    }
+    onSnippetExecutorChange?.(sessionId, executeSnippetCommand);
+    return () => onSnippetExecutorChange?.(sessionId, null);
+  }, [executeSnippetCommand, onSnippetExecutorChange, sessionId, status]);
 
   const terminalContextActions = useTerminalContextActions({
     termRef,
@@ -1375,8 +1393,8 @@ const TerminalComponent: React.FC<TerminalProps> = ({
                 )}
               />
             </div>
-            {/* Server Stats Display - Linux only */}
-            {host.os === 'linux' && terminalSettings?.showServerStats && status === 'connected' && serverStats.lastUpdated && (
+            {/* Server Stats Display */}
+            {terminalSettings?.showServerStats && status === 'connected' && serverStats.lastUpdated && (
               <div className="flex items-center gap-2.5 ml-2 text-[10px] opacity-80 flex-nowrap overflow-hidden min-w-0">
                 {/* CPU with HoverCard for per-core details */}
                 <HoverCard openDelay={200} closeDelay={100}>
@@ -1423,6 +1441,24 @@ const TerminalComponent: React.FC<TerminalProps> = ({
                             </div>
                           ))}
                         </div>
+                      ) : serverStats.cpu !== null ? (
+                        <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5 min-w-[160px]">
+                          <div className="w-full h-2 bg-muted rounded-full overflow-hidden">
+                            <div
+                              className={cn(
+                                "h-full rounded-full transition-all",
+                                serverStats.cpu >= 90 ? "bg-red-500" : serverStats.cpu >= 70 ? "bg-amber-500" : "bg-emerald-500"
+                              )}
+                              style={{ width: `${serverStats.cpu}%` }}
+                            />
+                          </div>
+                          <div className={cn(
+                            "text-center text-[11px] font-medium",
+                            serverStats.cpu >= 90 ? "text-red-400" : serverStats.cpu >= 70 ? "text-amber-400" : "text-emerald-400"
+                          )}>
+                            {serverStats.cpu}% · {serverStats.cpuCores ?? '?'} cores
+                          </div>
+                        </div>
                       ) : (
                         <div className="text-muted-foreground">{t("terminal.serverStats.noData")}</div>
                       )}

components/TerminalLayer.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Circle, FolderTree, LayoutGrid, MessageSquare, PanelLeft, PanelRight, Palette, Server, X, Zap } from 'lucide-react';
-import React, { memo, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import React, { createContext, memo, useCallback, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useActiveTabId } from '../application/state/activeTabStore';
 import { useTerminalBackend } from '../application/state/useTerminalBackend';
 import { collectSessionIds } from '../domain/workspace';
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
   resolveHostTerminalFontSize,
   resolveHostTerminalThemeId,
 } from '../domain/terminalAppearance';
-import { cn } from '../lib/utils';
+import { cn, normalizeLineEndings } from '../lib/utils';
 import { detectLocalOs } from '../lib/localShell';
 import { useStoredString } from '../application/state/useStoredString';
 import { buildCacheKey } from '../application/state/sftp/sharedRemoteHostCache';
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import { SftpSidePanel } from './SftpSidePanel';
 import { ScriptsSidePanel } from './ScriptsSidePanel';
 import { ThemeSidePanel } from './terminal/ThemeSidePanel';
 import { AIChatSidePanel } from './AIChatSidePanel';
-import { useAIState } from '../application/state/useAIState';
+import { cleanupOrphanedAISessions, useAIState } from '../application/state/useAIState';
 import { TerminalComposeBar } from './terminal/TerminalComposeBar';
 import { TERMINAL_THEMES } from '../infrastructure/config/terminalThemes';
 import { useCustomThemes } from '../application/state/customThemeStore';
@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ type PendingSftpUpload = {
   entries: DropEntry[];
 };
 
+type SnippetExecutor = (command: string, noAutoRun?: boolean) => void;
+
 const filterTabsMap = <T,>(source: Map<string, T>, validIds: Set<string>): Map<string, T> => {
   let changed = false;
   const next = new Map<string, T>();
@@ -90,6 +92,18 @@ type AITerminalSessionInfo = {
   connected: boolean;
 };
 
+type AIPanelContext = {
+  scopeType: 'terminal' | 'workspace';
+  scopeTargetId?: string;
+  scopeHostIds: string[];
+  scopeLabel: string;
+  terminalSessions: AITerminalSessionInfo[];
+};
+
+type AIStateValue = ReturnType<typeof useAIState>;
+
+const AIStateContext = createContext<AIStateValue | null>(null);
+
 const buildAITerminalSessionInfo = (
   session: TerminalSession | undefined,
   host: Host | undefined,
@@ -110,6 +124,98 @@ const buildAITerminalSessionInfo = (
   };
 };
 
+interface AIChatPanelsHostProps {
+  mountedTabIds: string[];
+  activeTabId: string | null;
+  activeSidePanelTab: SidePanelTab | null;
+  contextsByTabId: Map<string, AIPanelContext>;
+  resolveExecutorContext: (scope: {
+    type: 'terminal' | 'workspace';
+    targetId?: string;
+    label?: string;
+  }) => ExecutorContext;
+}
+
+const AIStateProviderInner: React.FC<{ children: React.ReactNode }> = ({ children }) => {
+  const aiState = useAIState();
+  return (
+    <AIStateContext.Provider value={aiState}>
+      {children}
+    </AIStateContext.Provider>
+  );
+};
+
+const AIStateProvider = memo(AIStateProviderInner);
+AIStateProvider.displayName = 'AIStateProvider';
+
+const AIChatPanelsHostInner: React.FC<AIChatPanelsHostProps> = ({
+  mountedTabIds,
+  activeTabId,
+  activeSidePanelTab,
+  contextsByTabId,
+  resolveExecutorContext,
+}) => {
+  const aiState = useContext(AIStateContext);
+
+  if (!aiState) {
+    throw new Error('AIChatPanelsHost must be rendered inside AIStateProvider');
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {mountedTabIds.map((tabId) => {
+        const context = contextsByTabId.get(tabId);
+        if (!context) return null;
+
+        const isVisible = activeTabId === tabId && activeSidePanelTab === 'ai';
+
+        return (
+          <div
+            key={tabId}
+            className={cn("absolute inset-0 z-10", !isVisible && "hidden")}
+          >
+            <AIChatSidePanel
+              sessions={aiState.sessions}
+              activeSessionIdMap={aiState.activeSessionIdMap}
+              setActiveSessionId={aiState.setActiveSessionId}
+              createSession={aiState.createSession}
+              deleteSession={aiState.deleteSession}
+              updateSessionTitle={aiState.updateSessionTitle}
+              updateSessionExternalSessionId={aiState.updateSessionExternalSessionId}
+              addMessageToSession={aiState.addMessageToSession}
+              updateLastMessage={aiState.updateLastMessage}
+              updateMessageById={aiState.updateMessageById}
+              providers={aiState.providers}
+              activeProviderId={aiState.activeProviderId}
+              activeModelId={aiState.activeModelId}
+              defaultAgentId={aiState.defaultAgentId}
+              externalAgents={aiState.externalAgents}
+              setExternalAgents={aiState.setExternalAgents}
+              agentModelMap={aiState.agentModelMap}
+              setAgentModel={aiState.setAgentModel}
+              globalPermissionMode={aiState.globalPermissionMode}
+              setGlobalPermissionMode={aiState.setGlobalPermissionMode}
+              commandBlocklist={aiState.commandBlocklist}
+              maxIterations={aiState.maxIterations}
+              webSearchConfig={aiState.webSearchConfig}
+              scopeType={context.scopeType}
+              scopeTargetId={context.scopeTargetId}
+              scopeHostIds={context.scopeHostIds}
+              scopeLabel={context.scopeLabel}
+              terminalSessions={context.terminalSessions}
+              resolveExecutorContext={resolveExecutorContext}
+              isVisible={isVisible}
+            />
+          </div>
+        );
+      })}
+    </>
+  );
+};
+
+const AIChatPanelsHost = memo(AIChatPanelsHostInner);
+AIChatPanelsHost.displayName = 'AIChatPanelsHost';
+
 interface TerminalLayerProps {
   hosts: Host[];
   keys: SSHKey[];
@@ -306,6 +412,15 @@ const TerminalLayerInner: React.FC<TerminalLayerProps> = ({
 
   // Terminal backend for broadcast writes
   const terminalBackend = useTerminalBackend();
+  const snippetExecutorsRef = useRef<Map<string, SnippetExecutor>>(new Map());
+
+  const handleSnippetExecutorChange = useCallback((sessionId: string, executor: SnippetExecutor | null) => {
+    if (executor) {
+      snippetExecutorsRef.current.set(sessionId, executor);
+      return;
+    }
+    snippetExecutorsRef.current.delete(sessionId);
+  }, []);
 
   const [workspaceArea, setWorkspaceArea] = useState<{ width: number; height: number }>({ width: 0, height: 0 });
   const workspaceOuterRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
@@ -633,6 +748,10 @@ const TerminalLayerInner: React.FC<TerminalLayerProps> = ({
     setSftpPendingUploadsForTab(prev => filterTabsMap(prev, validTerminalTabIds));
   }, [validTerminalTabIds]);
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    cleanupOrphanedAISessions(validTerminalTabIds);
+  }, [validTerminalTabIds]);
+
   const computeWorkspaceRects = useCallback((workspace?: Workspace, size?: { width: number; height: number }): Record<string, WorkspaceRect> => {
     if (!workspace) return {} as Record<string, WorkspaceRect>;
     const wTotal = size?.width || 1;
@@ -876,6 +995,13 @@ const TerminalLayerInner: React.FC<TerminalLayerProps> = ({
     () => Array.from(sftpHostForTab.keys()),
     [sftpHostForTab],
   );
+  const mountedAiTabIds = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      Array.from(sidePanelOpenTabs.entries())
+        .filter(([, panel]) => panel === 'ai')
+        .map(([tabId]) => tabId),
+    [sidePanelOpenTabs],
+  );
 
   // Get the focused terminal's current working directory
   const getTerminalCwd = useCallback(async (): Promise<string | null> => {
@@ -982,8 +1108,15 @@ const TerminalLayerInner: React.FC<TerminalLayerProps> = ({
   const handleSnippetClickForFocusedSession = useCallback((command: string, noAutoRun?: boolean) => {
     const sessionId = activeWorkspace?.focusedSessionId ?? activeSession?.id;
     if (!sessionId) return;
-    const payload = noAutoRun ? command : `${command}\r`;
-    terminalBackend.writeToSession(sessionId, payload);
+    const executor = snippetExecutorsRef.current.get(sessionId);
+    if (executor) {
+      executor(command, noAutoRun);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let data = normalizeLineEndings(command);
+    if (!noAutoRun) data = `${data}\r`;
+    terminalBackend.writeToSession(sessionId, data);
     // Re-focus the terminal so the user can interact immediately
     const pane = document.querySelector(`[data-session-id="${sessionId}"]`);
     const textarea = pane?.querySelector('textarea.xterm-helper-textarea') as HTMLTextAreaElement | null;
@@ -1058,38 +1191,66 @@ const TerminalLayerInner: React.FC<TerminalLayerProps> = ({
   const focusedFontFamilyOverridden = hasHostFontFamilyOverride(focusedHost);
   const focusedFontSizeOverridden = hasHostFontSizeOverride(focusedHost);
 
-  // AI Chat state
-  const aiState = useAIState();
-  const { cleanupOrphanedSessions } = aiState;
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    const activeIds = new Set<string>();
-    for (const s of sessions) activeIds.add(s.id);
-    for (const w of workspaces) activeIds.add(w.id);
-    cleanupOrphanedSessions(activeIds);
-  }, [sessions, workspaces, cleanupOrphanedSessions]);
-
   // Keep MCP/ACP approval IPC listener alive for the entire terminal lifecycle.
-  // Must live here (TerminalLayer), NOT in AIChatSidePanel (unmounts on tab switch)
-  // or ChatMessageList (unmounts on panel hide).
+  // Must live here (TerminalLayer), not inside the AI panel subtree, so closing
+  // or hiding the panel never tears down approval handling mid-execution.
   useEffect(() => {
     return setupMcpApprovalBridge();
   }, []);
 
-  // Build terminal session context for the AI chat panel
-  const aiTerminalSessions = useMemo(() => {
+  // Build per-tab AI contexts so hidden panels can stay mounted without
+  // recomputing scope resolution from scratch on every tab switch.
+  const aiContextsByTabId = useMemo(() => {
     const localOs = detectLocalOs(navigator.userAgent || navigator.platform);
-    const sessionIds = activeWorkspace?.root
-      ? collectSessionIds(activeWorkspace.root)
-      : activeSession ? [activeSession.id] : [];
+    const sessionById = new Map(sessions.map((session) => [session.id, session]));
+    const workspaceById = new Map(workspaces.map((workspace) => [workspace.id, workspace]));
+    const tabIds = new Set<string>(mountedAiTabIds);
+    if (activeTabId) tabIds.add(activeTabId);
 
-    const result = sessionIds.map(sid => {
-      const s = sessions.find(s => s.id === sid);
-      const host = s?.hostId ? hosts.find(h => h.id === s.hostId) : undefined;
-      return buildAITerminalSessionInfo(s, host, localOs);
-    });
-    return result;
-  }, [sessions, hosts, activeWorkspace, activeSession]);
+    const contexts = new Map<string, AIPanelContext>();
+
+    for (const tabId of tabIds) {
+      const workspace = workspaceById.get(tabId);
+      if (workspace) {
+        const sessionIds = collectSessionIds(workspace.root);
+        contexts.set(tabId, {
+          scopeType: 'workspace',
+          scopeTargetId: workspace.id,
+          scopeHostIds: sessionIds
+            .map((sessionId) => sessionById.get(sessionId)?.hostId)
+            .filter((hostId): hostId is string => !!hostId),
+          scopeLabel: workspace.title,
+          terminalSessions: sessionIds.map((sessionId) =>
+            buildAITerminalSessionInfo(
+              sessionById.get(sessionId),
+              sessionHostsMap.get(sessionId),
+              localOs,
+            ),
+          ),
+        });
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const session = sessionById.get(tabId);
+      if (!session) continue;
+
+      contexts.set(tabId, {
+        scopeType: 'terminal',
+        scopeTargetId: session.id,
+        scopeHostIds: session.hostId ? [session.hostId] : [],
+        scopeLabel: session.hostLabel ?? '',
+        terminalSessions: [
+          buildAITerminalSessionInfo(
+            session,
+            sessionHostsMap.get(session.id),
+            localOs,
+          ),
+        ],
+      });
+    }
+
+    return contexts;
+  }, [sessions, workspaces, mountedAiTabIds, activeTabId, sessionHostsMap]);
 
   const resolveAIExecutorContext = useCallback((scope: {
     type: 'terminal' | 'workspace';
@@ -1302,14 +1463,15 @@ const TerminalLayerInner: React.FC<TerminalLayerProps> = ({
   };
 
   return (
-    <div
-      ref={workspaceOuterRef}
-      className="absolute inset-0 bg-background flex flex-col"
-      style={{ display: isTerminalLayerVisible ? 'flex' : 'none', zIndex: isTerminalLayerVisible ? 10 : 0 }}
-    >
-      <div className={cn("flex-1 flex min-h-0 relative", sidePanelPosition === 'right' && "flex-row-reverse")}>
+    <AIStateProvider>
+      <div
+        ref={workspaceOuterRef}
+        className="absolute inset-0 bg-background flex flex-col"
+        style={{ display: isTerminalLayerVisible ? 'flex' : 'none', zIndex: isTerminalLayerVisible ? 10 : 0 }}
+      >
+        <div className={cn("flex-1 flex min-h-0 relative", sidePanelPosition === 'right' && "flex-row-reverse")}>
         {/* Side panel with tab header + content (SFTP / Scripts / Theme) */}
-        {(isSidePanelOpenForCurrentTab || mountedSftpTabIds.length > 0) && (
+        {(isSidePanelOpenForCurrentTab || mountedSftpTabIds.length > 0 || mountedAiTabIds.length > 0) && (
           <>
             <div
               style={{ width: isSidePanelOpenForCurrentTab ? sidePanelWidth : 0 }}
@@ -1487,48 +1649,14 @@ const TerminalLayerInner: React.FC<TerminalLayerProps> = ({
                     </div>
                   )}
 
-                  {/* AI Chat sub-panel */}
-                  {activeSidePanelTab === 'ai' && (
-                    <div className="absolute inset-0 z-10">
-                      <AIChatSidePanel
-                        sessions={aiState.sessions}
-                        activeSessionIdMap={aiState.activeSessionIdMap}
-                        setActiveSessionId={aiState.setActiveSessionId}
-                        createSession={aiState.createSession}
-                        deleteSession={aiState.deleteSession}
-                        updateSessionTitle={aiState.updateSessionTitle}
-                        updateSessionExternalSessionId={aiState.updateSessionExternalSessionId}
-                        addMessageToSession={aiState.addMessageToSession}
-                        updateLastMessage={aiState.updateLastMessage}
-                        updateMessageById={aiState.updateMessageById}
-                        providers={aiState.providers}
-                        activeProviderId={aiState.activeProviderId}
-                        activeModelId={aiState.activeModelId}
-                        defaultAgentId={aiState.defaultAgentId}
-                        externalAgents={aiState.externalAgents}
-                        setExternalAgents={aiState.setExternalAgents}
-                        agentModelMap={aiState.agentModelMap}
-                        setAgentModel={aiState.setAgentModel}
-                        globalPermissionMode={aiState.globalPermissionMode}
-                        setGlobalPermissionMode={aiState.setGlobalPermissionMode}
-                        commandBlocklist={aiState.commandBlocklist}
-                        maxIterations={aiState.maxIterations}
-                        webSearchConfig={aiState.webSearchConfig}
-                        scopeType={activeWorkspace ? 'workspace' : 'terminal'}
-                        scopeTargetId={activeWorkspace?.id ?? activeSession?.id}
-                        scopeHostIds={activeWorkspace?.root
-                          ? collectSessionIds(activeWorkspace.root).map(sid => {
-                              const s = sessions.find(s => s.id === sid);
-                              return s?.hostId;
-                            }).filter((id): id is string => !!id)
-                          : activeSession?.hostId ? [activeSession.hostId] : []
-                        }
-                        scopeLabel={activeWorkspace?.title ?? activeSession?.hostLabel ?? ''}
-                        terminalSessions={aiTerminalSessions}
-                        resolveExecutorContext={resolveAIExecutorContext}
-                      />
-                    </div>
-                  )}
+                  <AIChatPanelsHost
+                    mountedTabIds={mountedAiTabIds}
+                    activeTabId={activeTabId}
+                    activeSidePanelTab={activeSidePanelTab}
+                    contextsByTabId={aiContextsByTabId}
+                    resolveExecutorContext={resolveAIExecutorContext}
+                  />
+
                 </div>
               </div>
             </div>
@@ -1678,6 +1806,7 @@ const TerminalLayerInner: React.FC<TerminalLayerProps> = ({
                   onToggleComposeBar={inActiveWorkspace ? handleToggleWorkspaceComposeBar : undefined}
                   isWorkspaceComposeBarOpen={inActiveWorkspace ? isComposeBarOpen : undefined}
                   onBroadcastInput={inActiveWorkspace && activeWorkspace && isBroadcastEnabled?.(activeWorkspace.id) ? handleBroadcastInput : undefined}
+                  onSnippetExecutorChange={handleSnippetExecutorChange}
                   sessionLog={sessionLogsEnabled && sessionLogsDir ? { enabled: true, directory: sessionLogsDir, format: sessionLogsFormat || 'txt' } : undefined}
                 />
               </div>
@@ -1739,25 +1868,26 @@ const TerminalLayerInner: React.FC<TerminalLayerProps> = ({
       </div>
 
       {/* Global compose bar for workspace mode */}
-      {activeWorkspace && isComposeBarOpen && (
-        <TerminalComposeBar
-          onSend={handleComposeSend}
-          onClose={() => {
-            setIsComposeBarOpen(false);
-            // Refocus the terminal pane (matching solo-session behavior)
-            if (focusedSessionId) {
-              requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-                const pane = document.querySelector(`[data-session-id="${focusedSessionId}"]`);
-                const textarea = pane?.querySelector('textarea.xterm-helper-textarea') as HTMLTextAreaElement | null;
-                textarea?.focus();
-              });
-            }
-          }}
-          isBroadcastEnabled={isBroadcastEnabled?.(activeWorkspace.id)}
-          themeColors={composeBarThemeColors}
-        />
-      )}
-    </div>
+        {activeWorkspace && isComposeBarOpen && (
+          <TerminalComposeBar
+            onSend={handleComposeSend}
+            onClose={() => {
+              setIsComposeBarOpen(false);
+              // Refocus the terminal pane (matching solo-session behavior)
+              if (focusedSessionId) {
+                requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+                  const pane = document.querySelector(`[data-session-id="${focusedSessionId}"]`);
+                  const textarea = pane?.querySelector('textarea.xterm-helper-textarea') as HTMLTextAreaElement | null;
+                  textarea?.focus();
+                });
+              }
+            }}
+            isBroadcastEnabled={isBroadcastEnabled?.(activeWorkspace.id)}
+            themeColors={composeBarThemeColors}
+          />
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </AIStateProvider>
   );
 };
 

components/TrayPanel.tsx

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ const TrayPanelContent: React.FC = () => {
     onTrayPanelMenuData,
   } = useTrayPanelBackend();
 
-  const { hosts, keys } = useVaultState();
+  const { hosts, keys, identities } = useVaultState();
   useSessionState();
   const { rules: portForwardingRules, startTunnel, stopTunnel } = usePortForwardingState();
   const activeTabId = useActiveTabId();
@@ -151,11 +151,6 @@ const TrayPanelContent: React.FC = () => {
     return () => unsubscribe?.();
   }, [onTrayPanelRefresh]);
 
-  const keysForPf = useMemo(
-    () => keys.map((k) => ({ id: k.id, privateKey: k.privateKey, passphrase: k.passphrase })),
-    [keys],
-  );
-
   const handleClose = useCallback(() => {
     void hideTrayPanel();
   }, [hideTrayPanel]);
@@ -339,7 +334,7 @@ const TrayPanelContent: React.FC = () => {
                       if (isActive) {
                         void stopTunnel(rule.id);
                       } else {
-                        void startTunnel(rule, host, keysForPf, (status, error) => {
+                        void startTunnel(rule, host, hosts, keys, identities, (status, error) => {
                           if (status === "error" && error) toast.error(error);
                         }, rule.autoStart);
                       }

components/VaultView.tsx

@@ -1213,6 +1213,8 @@ const VaultViewInner: React.FC<VaultViewProps> = ({
     return new Set(managedSources.map(s => s.groupName));
   }, [managedSources]);
 
+  const isHostsSectionActive = currentSection === "hosts";
+
   const moveHostToGroup = (hostId: string, groupPath: string | null) => {
     const targetGroup = groupPath || "";
     // Find the most specific (deepest) managed source that matches the target group
@@ -1440,463 +1442,454 @@ const VaultViewInner: React.FC<VaultViewProps> = ({
 
       {/* Main Area */}
       <div className="flex-1 flex flex-col min-h-0 relative">
-        {currentSection === "hosts" && (
-          <header className="border-b border-border/50 bg-secondary/80 backdrop-blur app-drag">
-            <div className="h-14 px-4 py-2 flex items-center gap-3">
-              <div className="relative flex-1 app-no-drag">
-                <Search
-                  size={14}
-                  className="absolute left-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-muted-foreground"
-                />
-                <Input
-                  placeholder={t("vault.hosts.search.placeholder")}
-                  className={cn(
-                    "pl-9 h-10 bg-secondary border-border/60 text-sm",
-                    isSearchQuickConnect &&
-                    "border-primary/50 ring-1 ring-primary/20",
-                  )}
-                  value={search}
-                  onChange={(e) => setSearch(e.target.value)}
-                  onKeyDown={handleSearchKeyDown}
-                />
-                {isSearchQuickConnect && (
-                  <div className="absolute right-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2">
-                    <Zap size={14} className="text-primary" />
-                  </div>
-                )}
-              </div>
-              <Button
-                variant={isSearchQuickConnect ? "default" : "secondary"}
+        <header
+          className={cn(
+            "border-b border-border/50 bg-secondary/80 backdrop-blur app-drag",
+            !isHostsSectionActive && "hidden",
+          )}
+        >
+          <div className="h-14 px-4 py-2 flex items-center gap-3">
+            <div className="relative flex-1 app-no-drag">
+              <Search
+                size={14}
+                className="absolute left-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-muted-foreground"
+              />
+              <Input
+                placeholder={t("vault.hosts.search.placeholder")}
                 className={cn(
-                  "h-10 px-4 app-no-drag",
-                  !isSearchQuickConnect &&
-                  currentSection === "hosts" &&
-                  "bg-foreground/5 text-foreground hover:bg-foreground/10 border-border/40",
+                  "pl-9 h-10 bg-secondary border-border/60 text-sm",
+                  isSearchQuickConnect &&
+                  "border-primary/50 ring-1 ring-primary/20",
                 )}
-                onClick={handleConnectClick}
-              >
-                {t("vault.hosts.connect")}
-              </Button>
-              {/* View mode, tag filter, and sort controls */}
-              <div className="flex items-center gap-1 app-no-drag">
-                <Dropdown>
-                  <DropdownTrigger asChild>
-                    <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" className="h-10 w-10 app-no-drag">
-                      {viewMode === "grid" ? (
-                        <LayoutGrid size={16} />
-                      ) : viewMode === "list" ? (
-                        <List size={16} />
-                      ) : (
-                        <Network size={16} />
-                      )}
-                      <ChevronDown size={10} className="ml-0.5" />
-                    </Button>
-                  </DropdownTrigger>
-                  <DropdownContent className="w-32" align="end">
-                    <Button
-                      variant={viewMode === "grid" ? "secondary" : "ghost"}
-                      className="w-full justify-start gap-2 h-9"
-                      onClick={() => setViewMode("grid")}
-                    >
-                      <LayoutGrid size={14} /> {t("vault.view.grid")}
-                    </Button>
-                    <Button
-                      variant={viewMode === "list" ? "secondary" : "ghost"}
-                      className="w-full justify-start gap-2 h-9"
-                      onClick={() => setViewMode("list")}
-                    >
-                      <List size={14} /> {t("vault.view.list")}
-                    </Button>
-                    <Button
-                      variant={viewMode === "tree" ? "secondary" : "ghost"}
-                      className="w-full justify-start gap-2 h-9"
-                      onClick={() => setViewMode("tree")}
-                    >
-                      <Network size={14} /> {t("vault.view.tree")}
-                    </Button>
-                  </DropdownContent>
-                </Dropdown>
-                <TagFilterDropdown
-                  allTags={allTags}
-                  selectedTags={selectedTags}
-                  onChange={setSelectedTags}
-                  onEditTag={handleEditTag}
-                  onDeleteTag={handleDeleteTag}
-                  className="h-10 w-10"
-                />
-                <SortDropdown
-                  value={sortMode}
-                  onChange={setSortMode}
-                  className="h-10 w-10"
-                />
-                <Button
-                  variant={isMultiSelectMode ? "secondary" : "ghost"}
-                  size="icon"
-                  className="h-10 w-10"
-                  onClick={() => {
-                    if (isMultiSelectMode) {
-                      clearHostSelection();
-                    } else {
-                      setIsMultiSelectMode(true);
-                    }
-                  }}
-                  title={t("vault.hosts.multiSelect")}
-                >
-                  <CheckSquare size={16} />
-                </Button>
-              </div>
-              {/* New Host split button */}
-              <div className="flex items-center app-no-drag">
-                <Dropdown>
-                  <div className="flex items-center rounded-md bg-primary text-primary-foreground">
-                    <Button
-                      size="sm"
-                      className="h-10 px-3 rounded-r-none bg-transparent hover:bg-white/10 shadow-none app-no-drag"
-                      onClick={handleNewHost}
-                    >
-                      <Plus size={14} className="mr-2" /> {t("vault.hosts.newHost")}
-                    </Button>
-                    <DropdownTrigger asChild>
-                      <Button
-                        size="sm"
-                        className="h-10 px-2 rounded-l-none bg-transparent hover:bg-white/10 border-l border-primary-foreground/20 shadow-none app-no-drag"
-                      >
-                        <ChevronDown size={14} />
-                      </Button>
-                    </DropdownTrigger>
-                  </div>
-                  <DropdownContent className="w-44" align="end" alignToParent>
-                    <Button
-                      variant="ghost"
-                      className="w-full justify-start gap-2"
-                      onClick={() => {
-                        setTargetParentPath(selectedGroupPath);
-                        setNewFolderName("");
-                        setIsNewFolderOpen(true);
-                      }}
-                    >
-                      <FolderTree size={14} /> {t("vault.hosts.newGroup")}
-                    </Button>
-                    <Button
-                      variant="ghost"
-                      className="w-full justify-start gap-2"
-                      onClick={() => {
-                        setIsImportOpen(true);
-                      }}
-                    >
-                      <Upload size={14} /> {t("vault.hosts.import")}
-                    </Button>
-                    <Button
-                      variant="ghost"
-                      className="w-full justify-start gap-2"
-                      onClick={handleExportHosts}
-                    >
-                      <Download size={14} /> {t("vault.hosts.export")}
-                    </Button>
-                  </DropdownContent>
-                </Dropdown>
-              </div>
+                value={search}
+                onChange={(e) => setSearch(e.target.value)}
+                onKeyDown={handleSearchKeyDown}
+              />
+              {isSearchQuickConnect && (
+                <div className="absolute right-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2">
+                  <Zap size={14} className="text-primary" />
+                </div>
+              )}
+            </div>
+            <Button
+              variant={isSearchQuickConnect ? "default" : "secondary"}
+              className={cn(
+                "h-10 px-4 app-no-drag",
+                !isSearchQuickConnect &&
+                "bg-foreground/5 text-foreground hover:bg-foreground/10 border-border/40",
+              )}
+              onClick={handleConnectClick}
+            >
+              {t("vault.hosts.connect")}
+            </Button>
+            {/* View mode, tag filter, and sort controls */}
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-1 app-no-drag">
+              <Dropdown>
+                <DropdownTrigger asChild>
+                  <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" className="h-10 w-10 app-no-drag">
+                    {viewMode === "grid" ? (
+                      <LayoutGrid size={16} />
+                    ) : viewMode === "list" ? (
+                      <List size={16} />
+                    ) : (
+                      <Network size={16} />
+                    )}
+                    <ChevronDown size={10} className="ml-0.5" />
+                  </Button>
+                </DropdownTrigger>
+                <DropdownContent className="w-32" align="end">
+                  <Button
+                    variant={viewMode === "grid" ? "secondary" : "ghost"}
+                    className="w-full justify-start gap-2 h-9"
+                    onClick={() => setViewMode("grid")}
+                  >
+                    <LayoutGrid size={14} /> {t("vault.view.grid")}
+                  </Button>
+                  <Button
+                    variant={viewMode === "list" ? "secondary" : "ghost"}
+                    className="w-full justify-start gap-2 h-9"
+                    onClick={() => setViewMode("list")}
+                  >
+                    <List size={14} /> {t("vault.view.list")}
+                  </Button>
+                  <Button
+                    variant={viewMode === "tree" ? "secondary" : "ghost"}
+                    className="w-full justify-start gap-2 h-9"
+                    onClick={() => setViewMode("tree")}
+                  >
+                    <Network size={14} /> {t("vault.view.tree")}
+                  </Button>
+                </DropdownContent>
+              </Dropdown>
+              <TagFilterDropdown
+                allTags={allTags}
+                selectedTags={selectedTags}
+                onChange={setSelectedTags}
+                onEditTag={handleEditTag}
+                onDeleteTag={handleDeleteTag}
+                className="h-10 w-10"
+              />
+              <SortDropdown
+                value={sortMode}
+                onChange={setSortMode}
+                className="h-10 w-10"
+              />
               <Button
-                size="sm"
-                variant="secondary"
-                className={cn(
-                  "h-10 px-3 app-no-drag",
-                  currentSection === "hosts" &&
-                  "bg-foreground/5 text-foreground hover:bg-foreground/10 border-border/40",
-                )}
-                onClick={onCreateLocalTerminal}
+                variant={isMultiSelectMode ? "secondary" : "ghost"}
+                size="icon"
+                className="h-10 w-10"
+                onClick={() => {
+                  if (isMultiSelectMode) {
+                    clearHostSelection();
+                  } else {
+                    setIsMultiSelectMode(true);
+                  }
+                }}
+                title={t("vault.hosts.multiSelect")}
               >
-                <TerminalSquare size={14} className="mr-2" /> {t("common.terminal")}
-              </Button>
-              <Button
-                size="sm"
-                variant="secondary"
-                className={cn(
-                  "h-10 px-3 app-no-drag",
-                  currentSection === "hosts" &&
-                  "bg-foreground/5 text-foreground hover:bg-foreground/10 border-border/40",
-                )}
-                onClick={() => setIsSerialModalOpen(true)}
-              >
-                <Usb size={14} className="mr-2" /> {t("serial.button")}
+                <CheckSquare size={16} />
               </Button>
             </div>
-          </header>
-        )}
+            {/* New Host split button */}
+            <div className="flex items-center app-no-drag">
+              <Dropdown>
+                <div className="flex items-center rounded-md bg-primary text-primary-foreground">
+                  <Button
+                    size="sm"
+                    className="h-10 px-3 rounded-r-none bg-transparent hover:bg-white/10 shadow-none app-no-drag"
+                    onClick={handleNewHost}
+                  >
+                    <Plus size={14} className="mr-2" /> {t("vault.hosts.newHost")}
+                  </Button>
+                  <DropdownTrigger asChild>
+                    <Button
+                      size="sm"
+                      className="h-10 px-2 rounded-l-none bg-transparent hover:bg-white/10 border-l border-primary-foreground/20 shadow-none app-no-drag"
+                    >
+                      <ChevronDown size={14} />
+                    </Button>
+                  </DropdownTrigger>
+                </div>
+                <DropdownContent className="w-44" align="end" alignToParent>
+                  <Button
+                    variant="ghost"
+                    className="w-full justify-start gap-2"
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      setTargetParentPath(selectedGroupPath);
+                      setNewFolderName("");
+                      setIsNewFolderOpen(true);
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    <FolderTree size={14} /> {t("vault.hosts.newGroup")}
+                  </Button>
+                  <Button
+                    variant="ghost"
+                    className="w-full justify-start gap-2"
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      setIsImportOpen(true);
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    <Upload size={14} /> {t("vault.hosts.import")}
+                  </Button>
+                  <Button
+                    variant="ghost"
+                    className="w-full justify-start gap-2"
+                    onClick={handleExportHosts}
+                  >
+                    <Download size={14} /> {t("vault.hosts.export")}
+                  </Button>
+                </DropdownContent>
+              </Dropdown>
+            </div>
+            <Button
+              size="sm"
+              variant="secondary"
+              className="h-10 px-3 app-no-drag bg-foreground/5 text-foreground hover:bg-foreground/10 border-border/40"
+              onClick={onCreateLocalTerminal}
+            >
+              <TerminalSquare size={14} className="mr-2" /> {t("common.terminal")}
+            </Button>
+            <Button
+              size="sm"
+              variant="secondary"
+              className="h-10 px-3 app-no-drag bg-foreground/5 text-foreground hover:bg-foreground/10 border-border/40"
+              onClick={() => setIsSerialModalOpen(true)}
+            >
+              <Usb size={14} className="mr-2" /> {t("serial.button")}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        </header>
 
-        {currentSection !== "port" &&
-          currentSection !== "keys" &&
-          currentSection !== "knownhosts" &&
-          currentSection !== "snippets" &&
-          currentSection !== "logs" && (
-            <div className="flex-1 overflow-auto px-4 py-4 space-y-6">
-              {currentSection === "hosts" && (
-                <>
-                  <section className="space-y-2">
-                    {viewMode !== "tree" && (
-                      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-semibold">
-                        <button
-                          className="text-primary hover:underline"
-                          onClick={() => setSelectedGroupPath(null)}
-                        >
-                          {t("vault.hosts.allHosts")}
-                        </button>
-                        {selectedGroupPath &&
-                          selectedGroupPath
-                            .split("/")
-                            .filter(Boolean)
-                            .map((part, idx, arr) => {
-                              const crumbPath = arr.slice(0, idx + 1).join("/");
-                              const isLast = idx === arr.length - 1;
-                              return (
-                                <span
-                                  key={crumbPath}
-                                  className="flex items-center gap-2"
-                                >
-                                  <span className="text-muted-foreground">›</span>
-                                  <button
-                                    className={cn(
-                                      isLast
-                                        ? "text-foreground font-semibold"
-                                        : "text-primary hover:underline",
-                                    )}
-                                    onClick={() =>
-                                      setSelectedGroupPath(crumbPath)
-                                    }
-                                  >
-                                    {part}
-                                  </button>
-                                </span>
-                              );
-                            })}
-                      </div>
-                    )}
-                    {viewMode !== "tree" && displayedGroups.length > 0 && (
-                      <>
-                        <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-                          <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground">
-                            {t("vault.groups.title")}
-                          </h3>
-                          <div className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                            {t("vault.groups.total", { count: displayedGroups.length })}
-                          </div>
-                        </div>
-                      </>
-                    )}
-                    {viewMode !== "tree" && (
-                      <div
-                        className={cn(
-                          displayedGroups.length === 0 ? "hidden" : "",
-                          viewMode === "grid"
-                            ? "grid gap-3 grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3 xl:grid-cols-4"
-                            : "flex flex-col gap-0",
-                        )}
-                        onDragOver={(e) => {
-                          e.preventDefault();
-                        }}
-                        onDrop={(e) => {
-                          e.preventDefault();
-                          e.stopPropagation();
-                          const hostId = e.dataTransfer.getData("host-id");
-                          const groupPath = e.dataTransfer.getData("group-path");
-                          if (hostId) moveHostToGroup(hostId, selectedGroupPath);
-                          if (groupPath && selectedGroupPath !== null)
-                            moveGroup(groupPath, selectedGroupPath);
-                        }}
+        {/* Keep hosts mounted so switching sections does not reset scroll or remount the list. */}
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            "flex-1 overflow-auto px-4 py-4 space-y-6",
+            !isHostsSectionActive && "hidden",
+          )}
+        >
+                <section className="space-y-2">
+                  {viewMode !== "tree" && (
+                    <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-semibold">
+                      <button
+                        className="text-primary hover:underline"
+                        onClick={() => setSelectedGroupPath(null)}
                       >
-                        {displayedGroups.map((node) => (
-                          <ContextMenu key={node.path}>
-                            <ContextMenuTrigger asChild>
-                              <div
-                                className={cn(
-                                  "group cursor-pointer",
-                                  viewMode === "grid"
-                                    ? "soft-card elevate rounded-xl h-[68px] px-3 py-2"
-                                    : "h-14 px-3 py-2 hover:bg-secondary/60 rounded-lg transition-colors",
-                                )}
-                                draggable
-                                onDragStart={(e) =>
-                                  e.dataTransfer.setData("group-path", node.path)
-                                }
-                                onDoubleClick={() =>
-                                  setSelectedGroupPath(node.path)
-                                }
-                                onClick={() => setSelectedGroupPath(node.path)}
-                                onDragOver={(e) => {
-                                  e.preventDefault();
-                                  e.stopPropagation();
-                                }}
-                                onDrop={(e) => {
-                                  e.preventDefault();
-                                  e.stopPropagation();
-                                  const hostId =
-                                    e.dataTransfer.getData("host-id");
-                                  const groupPath =
-                                    e.dataTransfer.getData("group-path");
-                                  if (hostId) moveHostToGroup(hostId, node.path);
-                                  if (groupPath) moveGroup(groupPath, node.path);
-                                }}
+                        {t("vault.hosts.allHosts")}
+                      </button>
+                      {selectedGroupPath &&
+                        selectedGroupPath
+                          .split("/")
+                          .filter(Boolean)
+                          .map((part, idx, arr) => {
+                            const crumbPath = arr.slice(0, idx + 1).join("/");
+                            const isLast = idx === arr.length - 1;
+                            return (
+                              <span
+                                key={crumbPath}
+                                className="flex items-center gap-2"
                               >
-                                <div className="flex items-center gap-3 h-full">
-                                  <div className="h-11 w-11 rounded-xl bg-primary/15 text-primary flex items-center justify-center">
-                                    <FolderTree size={20} />
+                                <span className="text-muted-foreground">›</span>
+                                <button
+                                  className={cn(
+                                    isLast
+                                      ? "text-foreground font-semibold"
+                                      : "text-primary hover:underline",
+                                  )}
+                                  onClick={() =>
+                                    setSelectedGroupPath(crumbPath)
+                                  }
+                                >
+                                  {part}
+                                </button>
+                              </span>
+                            );
+                          })}
+                    </div>
+                  )}
+                  {viewMode !== "tree" && displayedGroups.length > 0 && (
+                    <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
+                      <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground">
+                        {t("vault.groups.title")}
+                      </h3>
+                      <div className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                        {t("vault.groups.total", { count: displayedGroups.length })}
+                      </div>
+                    </div>
+                  )}
+                  {viewMode !== "tree" && (
+                    <div
+                      className={cn(
+                        displayedGroups.length === 0 ? "hidden" : "",
+                        viewMode === "grid"
+                          ? "grid gap-3 grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3 xl:grid-cols-4"
+                          : "flex flex-col gap-0",
+                      )}
+                      onDragOver={(e) => {
+                        e.preventDefault();
+                      }}
+                      onDrop={(e) => {
+                        e.preventDefault();
+                        e.stopPropagation();
+                        const hostId = e.dataTransfer.getData("host-id");
+                        const groupPath = e.dataTransfer.getData("group-path");
+                        if (hostId) moveHostToGroup(hostId, selectedGroupPath);
+                        if (groupPath && selectedGroupPath !== null)
+                          moveGroup(groupPath, selectedGroupPath);
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      {displayedGroups.map((node) => (
+                        <ContextMenu key={node.path}>
+                          <ContextMenuTrigger asChild>
+                            <div
+                              className={cn(
+                                "group cursor-pointer",
+                                viewMode === "grid"
+                                  ? "soft-card elevate rounded-xl h-[68px] px-3 py-2"
+                                  : "h-14 px-3 py-2 hover:bg-secondary/60 rounded-lg transition-colors",
+                              )}
+                              draggable
+                              onDragStart={(e) =>
+                                e.dataTransfer.setData("group-path", node.path)
+                              }
+                              onDoubleClick={() =>
+                                setSelectedGroupPath(node.path)
+                              }
+                              onClick={() => setSelectedGroupPath(node.path)}
+                              onDragOver={(e) => {
+                                e.preventDefault();
+                                e.stopPropagation();
+                              }}
+                              onDrop={(e) => {
+                                e.preventDefault();
+                                e.stopPropagation();
+                                const hostId =
+                                  e.dataTransfer.getData("host-id");
+                                const groupPath =
+                                  e.dataTransfer.getData("group-path");
+                                if (hostId) moveHostToGroup(hostId, node.path);
+                                if (groupPath) moveGroup(groupPath, node.path);
+                              }}
+                            >
+                              <div className="flex items-center gap-3 h-full">
+                                <div className="h-11 w-11 rounded-xl bg-primary/15 text-primary flex items-center justify-center">
+                                  <FolderTree size={20} />
+                                </div>
+                                <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
+                                  <div className="text-sm font-semibold truncate flex items-center gap-2">
+                                    {node.name}
+                                    {managedGroupPaths.has(node.path) && (
+                                      <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-[10px] font-medium px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-primary/15 text-primary shrink-0">
+                                        <FileSymlink size={10} />
+                                        Managed
+                                      </span>
+                                    )}
                                   </div>
-                                  <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
-                                    <div className="text-sm font-semibold truncate flex items-center gap-2">
-                                      {node.name}
-                                      {managedGroupPaths.has(node.path) && (
-                                        <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-[10px] font-medium px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-primary/15 text-primary shrink-0">
-                                          <FileSymlink size={10} />
-                                          Managed
-                                        </span>
-                                      )}
-                                    </div>
-                                    <div className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
-                                      {t("vault.groups.hostsCount", { count: node.totalHostCount ?? node.hosts.length })}
-                                    </div>
+                                  <div className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
+                                    {t("vault.groups.hostsCount", { count: node.totalHostCount ?? node.hosts.length })}
                                   </div>
                                 </div>
                               </div>
-                            </ContextMenuTrigger>
-                            <ContextMenuContent>
-                              <ContextMenuItem
-                                onClick={() => {
-                                  setTargetParentPath(node.path);
-                                  setNewFolderName("");
-                                  setIsNewFolderOpen(true);
-                                }}
-                              >
-                                <FolderPlus className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("vault.groups.newSubgroup")}
-                              </ContextMenuItem>
-                              <ContextMenuItem
-                                onClick={() => {
-                                  setRenameTargetPath(node.path);
-                                  setRenameGroupName(node.name);
-                                  setRenameGroupError(null);
-                                  setIsRenameGroupOpen(true);
-                                }}
-                              >
-                                <Edit2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("vault.groups.rename")}
-                              </ContextMenuItem>
-                              <ContextMenuItem
-                                className="text-destructive"
-                                onClick={() => {
-                                  setDeleteTargetPath(node.path);
-                                  setIsDeleteGroupOpen(true);
-                                }}
-                              >
-                                <Trash2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("vault.groups.delete")}
-                              </ContextMenuItem>
-                            </ContextMenuContent>
-                          </ContextMenu>
-                        ))}
-                      </div>
-                    )}
-                  </section>
+                            </div>
+                          </ContextMenuTrigger>
+                          <ContextMenuContent>
+                            <ContextMenuItem
+                              onClick={() => {
+                                setTargetParentPath(node.path);
+                                setNewFolderName("");
+                                setIsNewFolderOpen(true);
+                              }}
+                            >
+                              <FolderPlus className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("vault.groups.newSubgroup")}
+                            </ContextMenuItem>
+                            <ContextMenuItem
+                              onClick={() => {
+                                setRenameTargetPath(node.path);
+                                setRenameGroupName(node.name);
+                                setRenameGroupError(null);
+                                setIsRenameGroupOpen(true);
+                              }}
+                            >
+                              <Edit2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("vault.groups.rename")}
+                            </ContextMenuItem>
+                            <ContextMenuItem
+                              className="text-destructive"
+                              onClick={() => {
+                                setDeleteTargetPath(node.path);
+                                setIsDeleteGroupOpen(true);
+                              }}
+                            >
+                              <Trash2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" /> {t("vault.groups.delete")}
+                            </ContextMenuItem>
+                          </ContextMenuContent>
+                        </ContextMenu>
+                      ))}
+                    </div>
+                  )}
+                </section>
 
-                  <section className="space-y-2">
-                    <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-                      <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground">
-                        {t("vault.nav.hosts")}
-                      </h3>
-                      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                        <span>
-                          {t("vault.hosts.header.entries", { count: viewMode === "tree" ? treeViewHosts.length : displayedHosts.length })}
-                        </span>
-                        <div className="bg-secondary/80 border border-border/70 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-[11px]">
-                          {t("vault.hosts.header.live", { count: sessions.length })}
-                        </div>
+                <section className="space-y-2">
+                  <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
+                    <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground">
+                      {t("vault.nav.hosts")}
+                    </h3>
+                    <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                      <span>
+                        {t("vault.hosts.header.entries", { count: viewMode === "tree" ? treeViewHosts.length : displayedHosts.length })}
+                      </span>
+                      <div className="bg-secondary/80 border border-border/70 rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-[11px]">
+                        {t("vault.hosts.header.live", { count: sessions.length })}
                       </div>
                     </div>
+                  </div>
 
-                    {isMultiSelectMode && (
-                      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 p-2 bg-secondary/60 rounded-lg border border-border/40">
-                        <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-                          {t("vault.hosts.selected", { count: selectedHostIds.size })}
-                        </span>
-                        <div className="flex-1" />
-                        <Button
-                          variant="ghost"
-                          size="sm"
-                          onClick={() => {
-                            const allIds = new Set(displayedHosts.map(h => h.id));
-                            setSelectedHostIds(allIds);
-                          }}
-                        >
-                          {t("vault.hosts.selectAll")}
-                        </Button>
-                        <Button
-                          variant="ghost"
-                          size="sm"
-                          onClick={clearHostSelection}
-                        >
-                          {t("vault.hosts.deselectAll")}
-                        </Button>
-                        <Button
-                          variant="destructive"
-                          size="sm"
-                          disabled={selectedHostIds.size === 0}
-                          onClick={deleteSelectedHosts}
-                        >
-                          <Trash2 size={14} className="mr-1" />
-                          {t("vault.hosts.deleteSelected", { count: selectedHostIds.size })}
-                        </Button>
-                        <Button
-                          variant="ghost"
-                          size="icon"
-                          className="h-8 w-8"
-                          onClick={clearHostSelection}
-                        >
-                          <X size={14} />
-                        </Button>
-                      </div>
-                    )}
+                  {isMultiSelectMode && (
+                    <div className="flex items-center gap-2 p-2 bg-secondary/60 rounded-lg border border-border/40">
+                      <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+                        {t("vault.hosts.selected", { count: selectedHostIds.size })}
+                      </span>
+                      <div className="flex-1" />
+                      <Button
+                        variant="ghost"
+                        size="sm"
+                        onClick={() => {
+                          const allIds = new Set(displayedHosts.map(h => h.id));
+                          setSelectedHostIds(allIds);
+                        }}
+                      >
+                        {t("vault.hosts.selectAll")}
+                      </Button>
+                      <Button
+                        variant="ghost"
+                        size="sm"
+                        onClick={clearHostSelection}
+                      >
+                        {t("vault.hosts.deselectAll")}
+                      </Button>
+                      <Button
+                        variant="destructive"
+                        size="sm"
+                        disabled={selectedHostIds.size === 0}
+                        onClick={deleteSelectedHosts}
+                      >
+                        <Trash2 size={14} className="mr-1" />
+                        {t("vault.hosts.deleteSelected", { count: selectedHostIds.size })}
+                      </Button>
+                      <Button
+                        variant="ghost"
+                        size="icon"
+                        className="h-8 w-8"
+                        onClick={clearHostSelection}
+                      >
+                        <X size={14} />
+                      </Button>
+                    </div>
+                  )}
 
-                    {viewMode === "tree" ? (
-                      <HostTreeView
-                        groupTree={treeViewGroupTree}
-                        hosts={treeViewHosts} // Use filtered and sorted hosts for tree view
-                        sortMode={sortMode}
-                        expandedPaths={treeExpandedState.expandedPaths}
-                        onTogglePath={treeExpandedState.togglePath}
-                        onExpandAll={treeExpandedState.expandAll}
-                        onCollapseAll={treeExpandedState.collapseAll}
-                        onConnect={handleHostConnect}
-                        onEditHost={handleEditHost}
-                        onDuplicateHost={handleDuplicateHost}
-                        onDeleteHost={(host) => onDeleteHost(host.id)}
-                        onCopyCredentials={handleCopyCredentials}
-                        onNewHost={(groupPath) => {
-                          setEditingHost(null);
-                          setNewHostGroupPath(groupPath || null);
-                          setIsHostPanelOpen(true);
-                        }}
-                        onNewGroup={(parentPath) => {
-                          setTargetParentPath(parentPath || null);
-                          setNewFolderName("");
-                          setIsNewFolderOpen(true);
-                        }}
-                        onEditGroup={(groupPath) => {
-                          setRenameTargetPath(groupPath);
-                          const groupName = groupPath.split('/').pop() || '';
-                          setRenameGroupName(groupName);
-                          setRenameGroupError(null);
-                          setIsRenameGroupOpen(true);
-                        }}
-                        onDeleteGroup={(groupPath) => {
-                          setDeleteTargetPath(groupPath);
-                          setIsDeleteGroupOpen(true);
-                        }}
-                        moveHostToGroup={moveHostToGroup}
-                        moveGroup={moveGroup}
-                        managedGroupPaths={managedGroupPaths}
-                        onUnmanageGroup={handleUnmanageGroup}
-                        isMultiSelectMode={isMultiSelectMode}
-                        selectedHostIds={selectedHostIds}
-                        toggleHostSelection={toggleHostSelection}
-                      />
-                    ) : sortMode === "group" && groupedDisplayHosts ? (
-                      <div className="space-y-6">
+                  {viewMode === "tree" ? (
+                    <HostTreeView
+                      groupTree={treeViewGroupTree}
+                      hosts={treeViewHosts} // Use filtered and sorted hosts for tree view
+                      sortMode={sortMode}
+                      expandedPaths={treeExpandedState.expandedPaths}
+                      onTogglePath={treeExpandedState.togglePath}
+                      onExpandAll={treeExpandedState.expandAll}
+                      onCollapseAll={treeExpandedState.collapseAll}
+                      onConnect={handleHostConnect}
+                      onEditHost={handleEditHost}
+                      onDuplicateHost={handleDuplicateHost}
+                      onDeleteHost={(host) => onDeleteHost(host.id)}
+                      onCopyCredentials={handleCopyCredentials}
+                      onNewHost={(groupPath) => {
+                        setEditingHost(null);
+                        setNewHostGroupPath(groupPath || null);
+                        setIsHostPanelOpen(true);
+                      }}
+                      onNewGroup={(parentPath) => {
+                        setTargetParentPath(parentPath || null);
+                        setNewFolderName("");
+                        setIsNewFolderOpen(true);
+                      }}
+                      onEditGroup={(groupPath) => {
+                        setRenameTargetPath(groupPath);
+                        const groupName = groupPath.split('/').pop() || '';
+                        setRenameGroupName(groupName);
+                        setRenameGroupError(null);
+                        setIsRenameGroupOpen(true);
+                      }}
+                      onDeleteGroup={(groupPath) => {
+                        setDeleteTargetPath(groupPath);
+                        setIsDeleteGroupOpen(true);
+                      }}
+                      moveHostToGroup={moveHostToGroup}
+                      moveGroup={moveGroup}
+                      managedGroupPaths={managedGroupPaths}
+                      onUnmanageGroup={handleUnmanageGroup}
+                      isMultiSelectMode={isMultiSelectMode}
+                      selectedHostIds={selectedHostIds}
+                      toggleHostSelection={toggleHostSelection}
+                    />
+                  ) : sortMode === "group" && groupedDisplayHosts ? (
+                    <div className="space-y-6">
                         {groupedDisplayHosts.map((group) => (
                           <div key={group.name || "__ungrouped__"}>
                             <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-3 pb-2 border-b border-border/40">
@@ -2045,16 +2038,16 @@ const VaultViewInner: React.FC<VaultViewProps> = ({
                             </p>
                           </div>
                         )}
-                      </div>
-                    ) : (
-                      <div
-                        className={cn(
-                          viewMode === "grid"
-                            ? "grid gap-3 grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3 xl:grid-cols-4"
-                            : "flex flex-col gap-0",
-                        )}
-                      >
-                        {displayedHosts.map((host) => {
+                    </div>
+                  ) : (
+                    <div
+                      className={cn(
+                        viewMode === "grid"
+                          ? "grid gap-3 grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3 xl:grid-cols-4"
+                          : "flex flex-col gap-0",
+                      )}
+                    >
+                      {displayedHosts.map((host) => {
                           const safeHost = sanitizeHost(host);
                           const effectiveDistro = getEffectiveHostDistro(safeHost);
                           const distroBadge = {
@@ -2167,27 +2160,24 @@ const VaultViewInner: React.FC<VaultViewProps> = ({
                               </ContextMenuContent>
                             </ContextMenu>
                           );
-                        })}
-                        {displayedHosts.length === 0 && (
-                          <div className="col-span-full flex flex-col items-center justify-center py-24 text-muted-foreground">
-                            <div className="h-16 w-16 rounded-2xl bg-secondary/80 flex items-center justify-center mb-4">
-                              <LayoutGrid size={32} className="opacity-60" />
-                            </div>
-                            <h3 className="text-lg font-semibold text-foreground mb-2">
-                              {t('vault.hosts.empty.title')}
-                            </h3>
-                            <p className="text-sm text-center max-w-sm">
-                              {t('vault.hosts.empty.desc')}
-                            </p>
+                      })}
+                      {displayedHosts.length === 0 && (
+                        <div className="col-span-full flex flex-col items-center justify-center py-24 text-muted-foreground">
+                          <div className="h-16 w-16 rounded-2xl bg-secondary/80 flex items-center justify-center mb-4">
+                            <LayoutGrid size={32} className="opacity-60" />
                           </div>
-                        )}
-                      </div>
-                    )}
-                  </section>
-                </>
-              )}
-            </div>
-          )}
+                          <h3 className="text-lg font-semibold text-foreground mb-2">
+                            {t('vault.hosts.empty.title')}
+                          </h3>
+                          <p className="text-sm text-center max-w-sm">
+                            {t('vault.hosts.empty.desc')}
+                          </p>
+                        </div>
+                      )}
+                    </div>
+                  )}
+                </section>
+        </div>
 
         {currentSection === "snippets" && (
           <SnippetsManager

components/ai-elements/tool-call.tsx

@@ -75,17 +75,18 @@ export const ToolCall = ({
       : approvalStatus === 'denied'
         ? 'border-red-500/20 bg-red-500/[0.03]'
         : 'border-border/25 bg-muted/10';
+  const statusIconClass = 'shrink-0';
 
   const statusIcon = approvalStatus === 'pending' ? (
-    <ShieldAlert size={12} className="text-yellow-500/70 shrink-0" />
+    <ShieldAlert size={12} className={cn('text-yellow-500/70', statusIconClass)} />
   ) : isLoading ? (
-    <Loader2 size={12} className="animate-spin text-blue-400/70" />
+    <Loader2 size={12} className={cn('animate-spin text-blue-400/70', statusIconClass)} />
   ) : isInterrupted ? (
-    <Slash size={12} className="text-muted-foreground/55" />
+    <Slash size={12} className={cn('text-muted-foreground/55', statusIconClass)} />
   ) : isError ? (
-    <XCircle size={12} className="text-red-400/70" />
+    <XCircle size={12} className={cn('text-red-400/70', statusIconClass)} />
   ) : result !== undefined ? (
-    <CheckCircle2 size={12} className="text-green-400/70" />
+    <CheckCircle2 size={12} className={cn('text-green-400/70', statusIconClass)} />
   ) : null;
 
   return (
@@ -105,7 +106,13 @@ export const ToolCall = ({
           ? <ChevronDown size={12} className="text-muted-foreground/40 shrink-0" />
           : <ChevronRight size={12} className="text-muted-foreground/40 shrink-0" />
         }
-        <span className="font-mono text-muted-foreground/70 truncate">{name}</span>
+        {name === 'terminal_execute' && args?.command ? (
+          <span className="font-mono text-muted-foreground/70 truncate" title={String(args.command)}>
+            <span className="text-muted-foreground/40">$ </span>{String(args.command)}
+          </span>
+        ) : (
+          <span className="font-mono text-muted-foreground/70 truncate">{name}</span>
+        )}
         <span className="flex-1" />
         {/* Approval badge for resolved approvals */}
         {approvalStatus === 'approved' && (

components/ai/ChatMessageList.tsx

@@ -144,12 +144,14 @@ const ChatMessageList: React.FC<ChatMessageListProps> = ({ messages, isStreaming
       .flatMap((m) => m.toolResults?.map((tr) => tr.toolCallId) ?? []),
   );
 
-  // Build a map from toolCallId → toolName for display
+  // Build maps from toolCallId → toolName / toolArgs for display
   const toolCallNames = new Map<string, string>();
+  const toolCallArgs = new Map<string, Record<string, unknown>>();
   for (const m of visibleMessages) {
     if (m.role === 'assistant' && m.toolCalls) {
       for (const tc of m.toolCalls) {
         toolCallNames.set(tc.id, tc.name);
+        if (tc.arguments) toolCallArgs.set(tc.id, tc.arguments);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -178,6 +180,7 @@ const ChatMessageList: React.FC<ChatMessageListProps> = ({ messages, isStreaming
                   <ToolCall
                     key={tr.toolCallId}
                     name={toolCallNames.get(tr.toolCallId) || tr.toolCallId}
+                    args={toolCallArgs.get(tr.toolCallId)}
                     result={tr.content}
                     isError={tr.isError}
                   />

components/settings/tabs/SettingsSystemTab.tsx

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * Settings System Tab - System information, temp file management, session logs, and global hotkey
  */
-import { Download, ExternalLink, FileText, FolderOpen, HardDrive, Keyboard, RefreshCw, RotateCcw, Trash2 } from "lucide-react";
+import { AlertTriangle, ChevronDown, ChevronRight, Download, ExternalLink, FileText, FolderOpen, HardDrive, Keyboard, RefreshCw, RotateCcw, Trash2 } from "lucide-react";
 import React, { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { useI18n } from "../../../application/i18n/I18nProvider";
 import { getCredentialProtectionAvailability } from "../../../infrastructure/services/credentialProtection";
@@ -13,6 +13,31 @@ import { Button } from "../../ui/button";
 import { Toggle, Select, SettingRow } from "../settings-ui";
 import { cn } from "../../../lib/utils";
 
+interface CrashLogFile {
+  fileName: string;
+  date: string;
+  size: number;
+  entryCount: number;
+}
+
+interface CrashLogEntry {
+  timestamp: string;
+  source: string;
+  message: string;
+  stack?: string;
+  errorMeta?: Record<string, unknown>;
+  extra?: Record<string, unknown>;
+  pid?: number;
+  platform?: string;
+  arch?: string;
+  version?: string;
+  electronVersion?: string;
+  osVersion?: string;
+  memoryMB?: { rss: number; heapUsed: number; heapTotal: number };
+  activeSessionCount?: number;
+  uptimeSeconds?: number;
+}
+
 interface TempDirInfo {
   path: string;
   fileCount: number;
@@ -98,6 +123,12 @@ const SettingsSystemTab: React.FC<SettingsSystemTabProps> = ({
   const [hotkeyError, setHotkeyError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [credentialsAvailable, setCredentialsAvailable] = useState<boolean | null>(null);
   const [isCheckingCredentials, setIsCheckingCredentials] = useState(false);
+  const [crashLogs, setCrashLogs] = useState<CrashLogFile[]>([]);
+  const [isLoadingCrashLogs, setIsLoadingCrashLogs] = useState(false);
+  const [expandedLog, setExpandedLog] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [logEntries, setLogEntries] = useState<CrashLogEntry[]>([]);
+  const [isClearingCrashLogs, setIsClearingCrashLogs] = useState(false);
+  const [crashLogClearResult, setCrashLogClearResult] = useState<{ deletedCount: number } | null>(null);
 
   const [appVersion, setAppVersion] = useState('');
 
@@ -144,6 +175,73 @@ const SettingsSystemTab: React.FC<SettingsSystemTabProps> = ({
     void loadCredentialProtectionStatus();
   }, [loadCredentialProtectionStatus]);
 
+  const loadCrashLogs = useCallback(async () => {
+    const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
+    if (!bridge?.getCrashLogs) return;
+    setIsLoadingCrashLogs(true);
+    try {
+      const logs = await bridge.getCrashLogs();
+      setCrashLogs(logs);
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error("[SettingsSystemTab] Failed to load crash logs:", err);
+    } finally {
+      setIsLoadingCrashLogs(false);
+    }
+  }, []);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void loadCrashLogs();
+  }, [loadCrashLogs]);
+
+  const expandRequestRef = React.useRef(0);
+  const handleExpandCrashLog = useCallback(async (fileName: string) => {
+    if (expandedLog === fileName) {
+      setExpandedLog(null);
+      setLogEntries([]);
+      return;
+    }
+    const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
+    if (!bridge?.readCrashLog) return;
+    const requestId = ++expandRequestRef.current;
+    // Optimistically show expanded state while loading
+    setExpandedLog(fileName);
+    setLogEntries([]);
+    try {
+      const entries = await bridge.readCrashLog(fileName);
+      // Discard if user clicked a different file while awaiting
+      if (expandRequestRef.current !== requestId) return;
+      setLogEntries(entries);
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (expandRequestRef.current !== requestId) return;
+      console.error("[SettingsSystemTab] Failed to read crash log:", err);
+    }
+  }, [expandedLog]);
+
+  const handleClearCrashLogs = useCallback(async () => {
+    const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
+    if (!bridge?.clearCrashLogs) return;
+    setIsClearingCrashLogs(true);
+    setCrashLogClearResult(null);
+    try {
+      const result = await bridge.clearCrashLogs();
+      setCrashLogClearResult(result);
+      setExpandedLog(null);
+      setLogEntries([]);
+      // Reload the list so partial failures still show remaining files
+      await loadCrashLogs();
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error("[SettingsSystemTab] Failed to clear crash logs:", err);
+    } finally {
+      setIsClearingCrashLogs(false);
+    }
+  }, [loadCrashLogs]);
+
+  const handleOpenCrashLogsDir = useCallback(async () => {
+    const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
+    if (!bridge?.openCrashLogsDir) return;
+    await bridge.openCrashLogsDir();
+  }, []);
+
   const handleClearTempFiles = useCallback(async () => {
     const bridge = netcattyBridge.get();
     if (!bridge?.clearTempDir) return;
@@ -449,6 +547,148 @@ const SettingsSystemTab: React.FC<SettingsSystemTabProps> = ({
             </div>
           </div>
 
+          {/* Crash Logs Section */}
+          <div className="space-y-4">
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+              <AlertTriangle size={18} className="text-muted-foreground" />
+              <h3 className="text-base font-medium">{t("settings.system.crashLogs.title")}</h3>
+            </div>
+
+            <div className="bg-muted/30 rounded-lg p-4 space-y-3">
+              <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+                {t("settings.system.crashLogs.description")}
+              </p>
+
+              {crashLogs.length === 0 && !isLoadingCrashLogs && (
+                <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground italic">
+                  {t("settings.system.crashLogs.noLogs")}
+                </p>
+              )}
+
+              {crashLogs.length > 0 && (
+                <div className="space-y-2">
+                  {crashLogs.map((log) => (
+                    <div key={log.fileName} className="border border-border/60 rounded-md overflow-hidden">
+                      <button
+                        onClick={() => handleExpandCrashLog(log.fileName)}
+                        className="w-full flex items-center justify-between px-3 py-2 text-sm hover:bg-muted/50 transition-colors"
+                      >
+                        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                          {expandedLog === log.fileName ? <ChevronDown size={14} /> : <ChevronRight size={14} />}
+                          <span className="font-mono">{log.date}</span>
+                          <span className="text-muted-foreground">
+                            ({t("settings.system.crashLogs.entries").replace("{count}", String(log.entryCount))})
+                          </span>
+                        </div>
+                        <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{formatBytes(log.size)}</span>
+                      </button>
+
+                      {expandedLog === log.fileName && logEntries.length > 0 && (
+                        <div className="border-t border-border/60 max-h-64 overflow-y-auto">
+                          {logEntries.map((entry, idx) => (
+                            <div key={idx} className="px-3 py-2 text-xs border-b border-border/30 last:border-b-0 space-y-1">
+                              <div className="flex items-center gap-3 flex-wrap">
+                                <span className="font-mono text-muted-foreground">
+                                  {new Date(entry.timestamp).toLocaleTimeString()}
+                                </span>
+                                <span className="px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-destructive/10 text-destructive font-medium">
+                                  {entry.source}
+                                </span>
+                              </div>
+                              <p className="font-mono break-all">{entry.message}</p>
+                              {entry.errorMeta && Object.keys(entry.errorMeta).length > 0 && (
+                                <div className="flex items-center gap-2 flex-wrap">
+                                  {Object.entries(entry.errorMeta).map(([k, v]) => (
+                                    <span key={k} className="px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-muted font-mono">
+                                      {k}={String(v)}
+                                    </span>
+                                  ))}
+                                </div>
+                              )}
+                              {entry.extra && Object.keys(entry.extra).length > 0 && (
+                                <div className="flex items-center gap-2 flex-wrap">
+                                  {Object.entries(entry.extra).map(([k, v]) => (
+                                    <span key={k} className="px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-muted font-mono">
+                                      {k}={String(v)}
+                                    </span>
+                                  ))}
+                                </div>
+                              )}
+                              {(() => {
+                                const parts: string[] = [];
+                                if (entry.version) parts.push(`v${entry.version}`);
+                                if (entry.electronVersion) parts.push(`Electron ${entry.electronVersion}`);
+                                if (entry.platform) parts.push(`${entry.platform}/${entry.arch}`);
+                                if (entry.osVersion) parts.push(`OS ${entry.osVersion}`);
+                                if (entry.pid) parts.push(`PID ${entry.pid}`);
+                                if (entry.activeSessionCount != null && entry.activeSessionCount >= 0) parts.push(`Sessions: ${entry.activeSessionCount}`);
+                                if (entry.memoryMB) parts.push(`RAM: ${entry.memoryMB.rss}MB`);
+                                if (entry.uptimeSeconds != null) parts.push(`Uptime: ${entry.uptimeSeconds}s`);
+                                const text = parts.join('  ');
+                                return text ? (
+                                  <div className="text-muted-foreground truncate" title={text}>
+                                    {text}
+                                  </div>
+                                ) : null;
+                              })()}
+                              {entry.stack && (
+                                <pre className="mt-1 p-2 bg-muted rounded text-[11px] leading-relaxed overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-all text-muted-foreground">
+                                  {entry.stack}
+                                </pre>
+                              )}
+                            </div>
+                          ))}
+                        </div>
+                      )}
+                    </div>
+                  ))}
+                </div>
+              )}
+
+              {/* Actions */}
+              <div className="flex items-center gap-2 pt-2">
+                <Button
+                  variant="outline"
+                  size="sm"
+                  onClick={loadCrashLogs}
+                  disabled={isLoadingCrashLogs}
+                  className="gap-1.5"
+                >
+                  <RefreshCw size={14} className={isLoadingCrashLogs ? "animate-spin" : ""} />
+                  {t("settings.system.refresh")}
+                </Button>
+                <Button
+                  variant="outline"
+                  size="sm"
+                  onClick={handleClearCrashLogs}
+                  disabled={isClearingCrashLogs || crashLogs.length === 0}
+                  className="gap-1.5 text-destructive hover:text-destructive hover:bg-destructive/10"
+                >
+                  <Trash2 size={14} />
+                  {t("settings.system.crashLogs.clear")}
+                </Button>
+                <Button
+                  variant="ghost"
+                  size="icon"
+                  onClick={handleOpenCrashLogsDir}
+                  title={t("settings.system.openFolder")}
+                >
+                  <FolderOpen size={16} />
+                </Button>
+              </div>
+
+              {crashLogClearResult && (
+                <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+                  {t("settings.system.crashLogs.cleared").replace("{count}", String(crashLogClearResult.deletedCount))}
+                </p>
+              )}
+            </div>
+
+            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+              {t("settings.system.crashLogs.hint")}
+            </p>
+          </div>
+
           {/* Temp Directory Section */}
           <div className="space-y-4">
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">

components/settings/tabs/SettingsTerminalTab.tsx

@@ -616,6 +616,13 @@ export default function SettingsTerminalTab(props: {
           <Toggle checked={terminalSettings.scrollOnPaste} onChange={(v) => updateTerminalSetting("scrollOnPaste", v)} />
         </SettingRow>
 
+        <SettingRow
+          label={t("settings.terminal.behavior.smoothScrolling")}
+          description={t("settings.terminal.behavior.smoothScrolling.desc")}
+        >
+          <Toggle checked={terminalSettings.smoothScrolling} onChange={(v) => updateTerminalSetting("smoothScrolling", v)} />
+        </SettingRow>
+
         <SettingRow
           label={t("settings.terminal.behavior.linkModifier")}
           description={t("settings.terminal.behavior.linkModifier.desc")}

components/sftp/SftpFileRow.tsx

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ const SftpFileRowInner: React.FC<SftpFileRowProps> = ({
                         <Link size={8} className="absolute -bottom-0.5 -right-0.5 text-muted-foreground" aria-hidden="true" />
                     )}
                 </div>
-                <span className={cn("truncate", entry.type === 'symlink' && "italic pr-1")}>
+                <span className={cn("truncate", entry.type === 'symlink' && "italic pr-1")} title={entry.name}>
                     {entry.name}
                     {entry.type === 'symlink' && <span className="sr-only"> (symbolic link)</span>}
                 </span>

components/sftp/SftpPaneFileList.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import React, { useCallback, useMemo } from "react";
-import { AlertCircle, ArrowDown, Copy, Download, Edit2, ExternalLink, FilePlus, Folder, FolderPlus, Loader2, Pencil, RefreshCw, Shield, Trash2 } from "lucide-react";
+import React, { useCallback, useMemo, useState } from "react";
+import { AlertCircle, ArrowDown, ChevronDown, Copy, Download, Edit2, ExternalLink, FilePlus, Folder, FolderPlus, Loader2, Pencil, RefreshCw, Shield, Trash2 } from "lucide-react";
 import { Button } from "../ui/button";
 import {
   ContextMenu,
@@ -58,6 +58,46 @@ interface SftpPaneFileListProps {
   visibleRows: { entry: SftpFileEntry; index: number; top: number }[];
 }
 
+const SftpErrorWithLogs: React.FC<{
+  error: string;
+  connectionLogs: string[];
+  onRetry: () => void;
+  t: (key: string) => string;
+}> = ({ error, connectionLogs, onRetry, t }) => {
+  const [showLogs, setShowLogs] = useState(false);
+  return (
+    <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center h-full gap-2 text-destructive">
+      <AlertCircle size={24} />
+      <span className="text-sm text-center px-4">{t(error)}</span>
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+        <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={onRetry}>
+          {t("sftp.retry")}
+        </Button>
+        {connectionLogs.length > 0 && (
+          <Button
+            variant="ghost"
+            size="sm"
+            className="text-muted-foreground"
+            onClick={() => setShowLogs(!showLogs)}
+          >
+            <ChevronDown size={14} className={`mr-1 transition-transform ${showLogs ? 'rotate-180' : ''}`} />
+            {showLogs ? "Hide logs" : "Show logs"}
+          </Button>
+        )}
+      </div>
+      {showLogs && connectionLogs.length > 0 && (
+        <div className="w-full max-w-sm mt-1 p-2 rounded-md bg-secondary/50 border border-border/60 space-y-0.5 max-h-40 overflow-y-auto">
+          {connectionLogs.map((log, i) => (
+            <div key={i} className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground truncate font-mono">
+              {log}
+            </div>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  );
+};
+
 export const SftpPaneFileList: React.FC<SftpPaneFileListProps> = ({
   t,
   pane,
@@ -340,17 +380,25 @@ export const SftpPaneFileList: React.FC<SftpPaneFileListProps> = ({
           onScroll={handleFileListScroll}
         >
           {pane.loading && sortedDisplayFiles.length === 0 ? (
-            <div className="flex items-center justify-center h-full">
+            <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center h-full gap-2">
               <Loader2 size={24} className="animate-spin text-muted-foreground" />
+              {pane.connectionLogs.length > 0 && (
+                <div className="w-full max-w-sm mt-2 space-y-0.5 px-4">
+                  {pane.connectionLogs.map((log, i) => (
+                    <div key={i} className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground truncate">
+                      {log}
+                    </div>
+                  ))}
+                </div>
+              )}
             </div>
           ) : pane.error && !pane.reconnecting ? (
-            <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center h-full gap-2 text-destructive">
-              <AlertCircle size={24} />
-              <span className="text-sm">{t(pane.error)}</span>
-              <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={onRefresh}>
-                {t("sftp.retry")}
-              </Button>
-            </div>
+            <SftpErrorWithLogs
+              error={pane.error}
+              connectionLogs={pane.connectionLogs}
+              onRetry={onRefresh}
+              t={t}
+            />
           ) : sortedDisplayFiles.length === 0 ? (
             <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center h-full text-muted-foreground">
               <Folder size={32} className="mb-2 opacity-50" />
@@ -410,10 +458,19 @@ export const SftpPaneFileList: React.FC<SftpPaneFileListProps> = ({
       </span>
     </div>
 
-    {/* Loading overlay - covers entire pane when navigating directories */}
+    {/* Loading overlay - covers entire pane when navigating or reconnecting */}
     {pane.loading && sortedDisplayFiles.length > 0 && !pane.reconnecting && (
-      <div className="absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center bg-background/40 backdrop-blur-[1px] z-10">
+      <div className="absolute inset-0 flex flex-col items-center justify-center bg-background/40 backdrop-blur-[1px] z-10">
         <Loader2 size={24} className="animate-spin text-muted-foreground" />
+        {pane.connectionLogs.length > 0 && (
+          <div className="w-full max-w-sm mt-2 space-y-0.5 px-4">
+            {pane.connectionLogs.map((log, i) => (
+              <div key={i} className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground truncate">
+                {log}
+              </div>
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        )}
       </div>
     )}
 

components/terminal/TerminalConnectionDialog.tsx

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import React from 'react';
 import { useI18n } from '../../application/i18n/I18nProvider';
 import { cn } from '../../lib/utils';
 import { Host, SSHKey } from '../../types';
+import { formatHostPort } from '../../domain/host';
 import { DistroAvatar } from '../DistroAvatar';
 import { Button } from '../ui/button';
 import { TerminalAuthDialog, TerminalAuthDialogProps } from './TerminalAuthDialog';
@@ -85,12 +86,12 @@ export const TerminalConnectionDialog: React.FC<TerminalConnectionDialogProps> =
         )}>
             <div className="w-[560px] max-w-[90vw] bg-background/95 border border-border/60 rounded-xl shadow-xl p-6 space-y-4">
                 <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-                    <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
-                        <DistroAvatar host={host} fallback={host.label.slice(0, 2).toUpperCase()} className="h-10 w-10 rounded-lg" />
-                        <div>
+                    <div className="flex items-center gap-3 min-w-0 flex-1">
+                        <DistroAvatar host={host} fallback={host.label.slice(0, 2).toUpperCase()} className="h-10 w-10 rounded-lg shrink-0" />
+                        <div className="min-w-0">
                             {chainProgress ? (
                                 <>
-                                    <div className="text-sm font-semibold">
+                                    <div className="text-sm font-semibold truncate">
                                         <span className="text-muted-foreground">
                                             {t('terminal.connection.chainOf', {
                                                 current: chainProgress.currentHop,
@@ -100,21 +101,21 @@ export const TerminalConnectionDialog: React.FC<TerminalConnectionDialogProps> =
                                         </span>
                                         <span>{chainProgress.currentHostLabel}</span>
                                     </div>
-                                    <div className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground font-mono">
-                                        {t(protocolInfo.i18nKey)} {protocolInfo.showPort ? `${host.hostname}:${protocolInfo.port}` : host.hostname}
+                                    <div className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground font-mono truncate">
+                                        {t(protocolInfo.i18nKey)} {protocolInfo.showPort ? formatHostPort(host.hostname, protocolInfo.port) : host.hostname}
                                     </div>
                                 </>
                             ) : (
                                 <>
-                                    <div className="text-lg font-semibold">{host.label}</div>
-                                    <div className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground font-mono">
-                                        {t(protocolInfo.i18nKey)} {protocolInfo.showPort ? `${host.hostname}:${protocolInfo.port}` : host.hostname}
+                                    <div className="text-lg font-semibold truncate">{host.label}</div>
+                                    <div className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground font-mono truncate">
+                                        {t(protocolInfo.i18nKey)} {protocolInfo.showPort ? formatHostPort(host.hostname, protocolInfo.port) : host.hostname}
                                     </div>
                                 </>
                             )}
                         </div>
                     </div>
-                    <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                    <div className="flex items-center gap-2 shrink-0 ml-3">
                         {!needsAuth && (
                             <Button
                                 size="sm"

components/terminal/hooks/useServerStats.ts

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ interface UseServerStatsOptions {
   sessionId: string;
   enabled: boolean;           // Whether stats collection is enabled (from settings)
   refreshInterval: number;    // Refresh interval in seconds
-  isLinux: boolean;           // Only collect stats for Linux servers
+  isSupportedOs: boolean;     // Only collect stats for Linux/macOS servers
   isConnected: boolean;       // Only collect when connected
 }
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ export function useServerStats({
   sessionId,
   enabled,
   refreshInterval,
-  isLinux,
+  isSupportedOs,
   isConnected,
 }: UseServerStatsOptions) {
   const [stats, setStats] = useState<ServerStats>({
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ export function useServerStats({
   const isMountedRef = useRef(true);
 
   const fetchStats = useCallback(async () => {
-    if (!enabled || !isLinux || !isConnected || !sessionId) {
+    if (!enabled || !isSupportedOs || !isConnected || !sessionId) {
       return;
     }
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ export function useServerStats({
         setIsLoading(false);
       }
     }
-  }, [sessionId, enabled, isLinux, isConnected]);
+  }, [sessionId, enabled, isSupportedOs, isConnected]);
 
   // Initial fetch and periodic refresh
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -149,8 +149,7 @@ export function useServerStats({
       intervalRef.current = null;
     }
 
-    // Don't run if not enabled or not a Linux system
-    if (!enabled || !isLinux || !isConnected) {
+    if (!enabled || !isSupportedOs || !isConnected) {
       // Reset stats when disabled or not connected
       setStats({
         cpu: null,
@@ -193,7 +192,7 @@ export function useServerStats({
         intervalRef.current = null;
       }
     };
-  }, [enabled, isLinux, isConnected, refreshInterval, fetchStats]);
+  }, [enabled, isSupportedOs, isConnected, refreshInterval, fetchStats]);
 
   // Manual refresh function
   const refresh = useCallback(() => {

components/terminal/keywordHighlight.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,19 @@ interface CompiledRule {
   color: string;
 }
 
+interface CachedDecorationRange {
+  x: number;
+  width: number;
+  color: string;
+}
+
+/** Shared empty array for non-matching lines to avoid per-call allocations. */
+const EMPTY_RANGES: readonly CachedDecorationRange[] = Object.freeze([]);
+
+/** ASCII-only test — when true, string indices equal cell columns. */
+// eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex
+const RE_ASCII_ONLY = /^[\x00-\x7f]*$/;
+
 /**
  * Manages terminal decorations for keyword highlighting.
  * Uses xterm.js Decoration API to overlay styles without modifying the data stream.
@@ -20,6 +33,9 @@ export class KeywordHighlighter implements IDisposable {
   private compiledRules: CompiledRule[] = [];
   private decorations: { decoration: IDecoration; marker: IMarker }[] = [];
   private debounceTimer: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null;
+  private animationFrameId: number | null = null;
+  private lastRefreshTime: number = 0;
+  private matchCache = new Map<string, CachedDecorationRange[]>();
   private enabled: boolean = false;
   private disposables: IDisposable[] = [];
   private lastViewportY: number = -1;
@@ -31,23 +47,22 @@ export class KeywordHighlighter implements IDisposable {
     this.disposables.push(
       // When user scrolls, refresh visible area
       this.term.onScroll(() => {
-        // console.log('[KeywordHighlighter] onScroll');
-        this.triggerRefresh();
+        this.triggerRefresh("debounced");
       }),
-      // When new data is written, refresh
+      // When new data is written, refresh on the next frame so highlights land
+      // with the freshly rendered content instead of trailing behind it.
       this.term.onWriteParsed(() => {
-        // console.log('[KeywordHighlighter] onWriteParsed');
-        this.triggerRefresh();
+        this.triggerRefresh("immediate");
       }),
       // Also refresh on resize as viewport content changes
-      this.term.onResize(() => this.triggerRefresh()),
+      this.term.onResize(() => this.triggerRefresh("debounced")),
       // onRender fires after each render cycle - catch scrolls that onScroll might miss
       this.term.onRender(() => {
         // Only trigger refresh if viewport position changed
         const currentViewportY = this.term.buffer.active?.viewportY ?? 0;
         if (currentViewportY !== this.lastViewportY) {
           this.lastViewportY = currentViewportY;
-          this.triggerRefresh();
+          this.triggerRefresh("debounced");
         }
       })
     );
@@ -55,6 +70,7 @@ export class KeywordHighlighter implements IDisposable {
 
   public setRules(rules: KeywordHighlightRule[], enabled: boolean) {
     this.enabled = enabled;
+    this.matchCache.clear();
 
     // Pre-compile all patterns into regexes for better performance
     // This avoids creating new RegExp objects on every viewport refresh
@@ -76,7 +92,7 @@ export class KeywordHighlighter implements IDisposable {
     // Clear existing and force an immediate refresh if enabling
     this.clearDecorations();
     if (this.enabled && this.compiledRules.length > 0) {
-      this.triggerRefresh();
+      this.triggerRefresh("immediate");
     }
   }
 
@@ -87,9 +103,14 @@ export class KeywordHighlighter implements IDisposable {
     if (this.debounceTimer) {
       clearTimeout(this.debounceTimer);
     }
+    if (this.animationFrameId !== null) {
+      cancelAnimationFrame(this.animationFrameId);
+      this.animationFrameId = null;
+    }
+    this.matchCache.clear();
   }
 
-  private triggerRefresh() {
+  private triggerRefresh(mode: "immediate" | "debounced") {
     if (!this.enabled || this.compiledRules.length === 0) return;
 
     // Optimization: Disable highlighting in Alternate Buffer (e.g. Vim, Htop)
@@ -101,12 +122,72 @@ export class KeywordHighlighter implements IDisposable {
       return;
     }
 
+    if (mode === "immediate") {
+      // Throttle: skip if a rAF is already pending.
+      // Don't clear the debounce timer here — in a hidden tab rAF never
+      // fires, so the fallback timer is the only path that will run.
+      if (this.animationFrameId !== null) {
+        return;
+      }
+      const now = performance.now();
+      const minInterval = XTERM_PERFORMANCE_CONFIG.highlighting.immediateMinIntervalMs;
+      if (now - this.lastRefreshTime < minInterval) {
+        // Too soon — fall through to debounced path instead of dropping
+        this.triggerRefresh("debounced");
+        return;
+      }
+      this.animationFrameId = requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        this.animationFrameId = null;
+        // rAF fired — cancel the fallback timer to avoid a redundant refresh
+        if (this.debounceTimer) {
+          clearTimeout(this.debounceTimer);
+          this.debounceTimer = null;
+        }
+        this.executeRefresh();
+      });
+      // Arm a debounced fallback: rAF does not fire in background/hidden
+      // tabs (Chromium throttles it), so the timer ensures highlights
+      // still update for ongoing output.  If rAF fires first it cancels
+      // this timer (see above), preventing a double refresh.
+      if (!this.debounceTimer) {
+        this.debounceTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+          this.debounceTimer = null;
+          this.executeRefresh();
+        }, XTERM_PERFORMANCE_CONFIG.highlighting.debounceMs);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (this.animationFrameId !== null) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     if (this.debounceTimer) {
       clearTimeout(this.debounceTimer);
     }
 
     const delay = XTERM_PERFORMANCE_CONFIG.highlighting.debounceMs;
-    this.debounceTimer = setTimeout(() => this.refreshViewport(), delay);
+    this.debounceTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+      this.debounceTimer = null;
+      this.executeRefresh();
+    }, delay);
+  }
+
+  /** Shared refresh execution for both rAF and timer callbacks. */
+  private executeRefresh() {
+    // Cancel any stale rAF that will never fire (e.g. hidden tab)
+    if (this.animationFrameId !== null) {
+      cancelAnimationFrame(this.animationFrameId);
+      this.animationFrameId = null;
+    }
+    // Re-check state: may have changed since the refresh was scheduled
+    if (!this.enabled || this.compiledRules.length === 0) return;
+    if (this.term.buffer.active.type === 'alternate') {
+      if (this.decorations.length > 0) this.clearDecorations();
+      return;
+    }
+    this.lastRefreshTime = performance.now();
+    this.refreshViewport();
   }
 
   private clearDecorations() {
@@ -140,8 +221,14 @@ export class KeywordHighlighter implements IDisposable {
       // Skip continuation cells (width 0) - these are the 2nd cell of wide characters
       if (width === 0) continue;
 
-      // Map each character in this cell to the current cell column
-      for (let i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
+      if (chars.length > 0) {
+        // Map each character in this cell to the current cell column
+        for (let i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
+          map.push(cellCol);
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Empty cell (codepoint 0) — translateToString() outputs a space
+        // for it, so we must push one entry to keep the map aligned.
         map.push(cellCol);
       }
 
@@ -177,49 +264,106 @@ export class KeywordHighlighter implements IDisposable {
       const lineText = line.translateToString(true); // true = trim right whitespace
       if (!lineText) continue;
 
-      // Build mapping from string index to cell column for wide char support
-      const cellMap = this.buildStringToCellMap(line);
+      const cachedRanges = this.getCachedRanges(line, lineText);
+      if (cachedRanges.length === 0) continue;
 
-      // Process each pre-compiled rule
-      for (const { regex, color } of this.compiledRules) {
-        // Reset regex state for reuse (global flag maintains lastIndex)
-        regex.lastIndex = 0;
-        let match;
+      // Calculate offset relative to the absolute cursor position
+      // offset = targetLineAbs - (baseY + cursorY)
+      const offset = lineY - cursorAbsoluteY;
 
-        while ((match = regex.exec(lineText)) !== null) {
-          const strStart = match.index;
-          const strEnd = strStart + match[0].length;
+      for (const range of cachedRanges) {
+        const marker = this.term.registerMarker(offset);
 
-          // Map string indices to cell columns
-          const cellStartCol = cellMap[strStart] ?? strStart;
-          const cellEndCol = cellMap[strEnd] ?? strEnd;
-          const cellWidth = cellEndCol - cellStartCol;
+        if (marker) {
+          const deco = this.term.registerDecoration({
+            marker,
+            x: range.x,
+            width: range.width,
+            foregroundColor: range.color,
+          });
 
-          // Skip if width is 0 or negative (shouldn't happen, but be safe)
-          if (cellWidth <= 0) continue;
-
-          // Calculate offset relative to the absolute cursor position
-          // offset = targetLineAbs - (baseY + cursorY)
-          const offset = lineY - cursorAbsoluteY;
-          const marker = this.term.registerMarker(offset);
-
-          if (marker) {
-            const deco = this.term.registerDecoration({
-              marker,
-              x: cellStartCol,
-              width: cellWidth,
-              foregroundColor: color,
-            });
-
-            if (deco) {
-              this.decorations.push({ decoration: deco, marker });
-            } else {
-              // If decoration failed, cleanup marker
-              marker.dispose();
-            }
+          if (deco) {
+            this.decorations.push({ decoration: deco, marker });
+          } else {
+            // If decoration failed, cleanup marker
+            marker.dispose();
           }
         }
       }
     }
   }
+
+  private getCachedRanges(line: IBufferLine, lineText: string): CachedDecorationRange[] {
+    const cached = this.matchCache.get(lineText);
+    if (cached) {
+      // LRU: move to end
+      this.matchCache.delete(lineText);
+      this.matchCache.set(lineText, cached);
+      return cached;
+    }
+
+    const ranges = this.scanLine(line, lineText);
+    this.matchCache.set(lineText, ranges);
+
+    const maxEntries = XTERM_PERFORMANCE_CONFIG.highlighting.cacheEntries;
+    if (this.matchCache.size > maxEntries) {
+      const oldestKey = this.matchCache.keys().next().value;
+      if (oldestKey !== undefined) {
+        this.matchCache.delete(oldestKey);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return ranges;
+  }
+
+  private scanLine(line: IBufferLine, lineText: string): CachedDecorationRange[] {
+    // ASCII-only lines have a 1:1 string-index-to-cell-column mapping,
+    // so we can skip the expensive buildStringToCellMap call entirely.
+    const asciiOnly = RE_ASCII_ONLY.test(lineText);
+    let cellMap: number[] | null = null;
+    let ranges: CachedDecorationRange[] | null = null;
+
+    // Process each pre-compiled rule
+    for (const { regex, color } of this.compiledRules) {
+      // Reset regex state for reuse (global flag maintains lastIndex)
+      regex.lastIndex = 0;
+      let match;
+
+      while ((match = regex.exec(lineText)) !== null) {
+        const strStart = match.index;
+        const strEnd = strStart + match[0].length;
+
+        let cellStartCol: number;
+        let cellEndCol: number;
+
+        if (asciiOnly) {
+          cellStartCol = strStart;
+          cellEndCol = strEnd;
+        } else {
+          // Lazily build cellMap only when a match is found
+          if (cellMap === null) {
+            cellMap = this.buildStringToCellMap(line);
+          }
+          cellStartCol = cellMap[strStart] ?? strStart;
+          cellEndCol = cellMap[strEnd] ?? strEnd;
+        }
+
+        const cellWidth = cellEndCol - cellStartCol;
+
+        // Skip if width is 0 or negative (shouldn't happen, but be safe)
+        if (cellWidth <= 0) continue;
+
+        if (ranges === null) {
+          ranges = [];
+        }
+        ranges.push({
+          x: cellStartCol,
+          width: cellWidth,
+          color,
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    return ranges ?? (EMPTY_RANGES as CachedDecorationRange[]);
+  }
 }

components/terminal/runtime/createTerminalSessionStarters.ts

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ type TerminalBackendApi = {
     cb: (evt: { exitCode?: number; signal?: number; error?: string; reason?: "exited" | "error" | "timeout" | "closed" }) => void,
   ) => () => void;
   onChainProgress: (
-    cb: (hop: number, total: number, label: string, status: string) => void,
+    cb: (sessionId: string, hop: number, total: number, label: string, status: string, error?: string) => void,
   ) => (() => void) | undefined;
   writeToSession: (sessionId: string, data: string) => void;
   resizeSession: (sessionId: string, cols: number, rows: number) => void;
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ export const createTerminalSessionStarters = (ctx: TerminalSessionStartersContex
       : undefined;
 
     const jumpHostsWithUnavailableCredentials: string[] = [];
-    const jumpHosts = ctx.resolvedChainHosts.map<NetcattyJumpHost>((jumpHost) => {
+    const jumpHosts = ctx.resolvedChainHosts.map<NetcattyJumpHost>((jumpHost, index) => {
       const jumpAuth = resolveHostAuth({
         host: jumpHost,
         keys: ctx.keys,
@@ -336,13 +336,20 @@ export const createTerminalSessionStarters = (ctx: TerminalSessionStartersContex
       const jumpPassword = sanitizeCredentialValue(rawJumpPassword);
       const jumpPrivateKey = sanitizeCredentialValue(rawJumpPrivateKey);
       const jumpPassphrase = sanitizeCredentialValue(rawJumpPassphrase);
+      const hasConfiguredJumpProxyEndpoint =
+        index === 0 &&
+        !!(jumpHost.proxyConfig?.host && jumpHost.proxyConfig?.port);
+      const hasEncryptedJumpProxyCredential =
+        hasConfiguredJumpProxyEndpoint &&
+        Boolean(jumpHost.proxyConfig?.username) &&
+        isEncryptedCredentialPlaceholder(jumpHost.proxyConfig?.password);
 
       const hasEncryptedJumpCredential =
         isEncryptedCredentialPlaceholder(rawJumpPassword) ||
         isEncryptedCredentialPlaceholder(rawJumpPrivateKey) ||
         isEncryptedCredentialPlaceholder(rawJumpPassphrase);
 
-      if (hasEncryptedJumpCredential && !jumpPassword && !jumpPrivateKey) {
+      if (hasEncryptedJumpProxyCredential || (hasEncryptedJumpCredential && !jumpPassword && !jumpPrivateKey)) {
         jumpHostsWithUnavailableCredentials.push(jumpHost.label || jumpHost.hostname);
       }
 
@@ -358,10 +365,21 @@ export const createTerminalSessionStarters = (ctx: TerminalSessionStartersContex
         keyId: jumpAuth.keyId,
         keySource: jumpKey?.source,
         label: jumpHost.label,
+        proxy: jumpHost.proxyConfig?.host && jumpHost.proxyConfig?.port
+          ? {
+            type: jumpHost.proxyConfig.type,
+            host: jumpHost.proxyConfig.host,
+            port: jumpHost.proxyConfig.port,
+            username: jumpHost.proxyConfig.username,
+            password: sanitizeCredentialValue(jumpHost.proxyConfig.password),
+          }
+          : undefined,
+        identityFilePaths: jumpHost.identityFilePaths,
       };
     });
 
-    if (hasEncryptedProxyPassword && !proxyConfig?.password && proxyConfig?.username) {
+    const usesTargetProxyForFirstHop = !!proxyConfig && !jumpHosts[0]?.proxy;
+    if (usesTargetProxyForFirstHop && hasEncryptedProxyPassword && !proxyConfig?.password && proxyConfig?.username) {
       const message = tr(
         "terminal.auth.proxyCredentialsUnavailable",
         "Proxy credentials cannot be decrypted on this device. Open host settings and re-enter the proxy password.",
@@ -403,21 +421,64 @@ export const createTerminalSessionStarters = (ctx: TerminalSessionStartersContex
         currentHostLabel:
           jumpHosts[0]?.label || jumpHosts[0]?.hostname || ctx.host.hostname,
       });
-      ctx.setProgressLogs((prev) => [
-        ...prev,
-        `Starting chain connection (${totalHops} hops)...`,
-      ]);
+    }
 
-      const unsub = ctx.terminalBackend.onChainProgress((hop, total, label, status) => {
-        ctx.setChainProgress({
-          currentHop: hop,
-          totalHops: total,
-          currentHostLabel: label,
-        });
-        ctx.setProgressLogs((prev) => [
-          ...prev,
-          `Chain ${hop} of ${total}: ${label} - ${status}`,
-        ]);
+    {
+      const unsub = ctx.terminalBackend.onChainProgress((sid, hop, total, label, status, error) => {
+        // P1: Only process events for this session
+        if (sid !== ctx.sessionId) return;
+
+        // P3: Only show chain progress UI for multi-hop connections
+        if (total > 1) {
+          ctx.setChainProgress({
+            currentHop: hop,
+            totalHops: total,
+            currentHostLabel: label,
+          });
+        }
+
+        // Build human-readable log line
+        let logLine: string;
+        const prefix = total > 1 ? `[${hop}/${total}] ` : '';
+
+        switch (status) {
+          case 'connecting':
+            logLine = `${prefix}${tr("terminal.progress.connecting", "Connecting to")} ${label}...`;
+            break;
+          case 'authenticating':
+            logLine = `${prefix}${label} - ${tr("terminal.progress.keyExchangeComplete", "Key exchange complete")}`;
+            break;
+          case 'auth-attempt':
+            if (error?.endsWith('rejected')) {
+              logLine = `${prefix}${label} - ✗ ${error}`;
+            } else if (error === 'all methods exhausted') {
+              logLine = `${prefix}${label} - ✗ All authentication methods exhausted`;
+            } else if (error === 'waiting for user input...' || error === 'user responded') {
+              logLine = `${prefix}${label} - ${error}`;
+            } else {
+              logLine = `${prefix}${label} - ${tr("terminal.progress.trying", "Trying")} ${error}...`;
+            }
+            break;
+          case 'authenticated':
+            logLine = `${prefix}${label} - ${tr("terminal.progress.authenticated", "Authenticated")}`;
+            break;
+          case 'connected':
+            logLine = `${prefix}${label} - ${tr("terminal.progress.connected", "Connected")}`;
+            break;
+          case 'forwarding':
+            logLine = `${prefix}${label} - ${tr("terminal.progress.forwarding", "Forwarding")}...`;
+            break;
+          case 'shell':
+            logLine = `${prefix}${tr("terminal.progress.openingShell", "Opening shell")}...`;
+            break;
+          case 'error':
+            logLine = `${prefix}${label} - ${tr("terminal.progress.error", "Error")}${error ? `: ${error}` : ''}`;
+            break;
+          default:
+            logLine = `${prefix}${label} - ${status}${error ? `: ${error}` : ''}`;
+        }
+
+        ctx.setProgressLogs((prev) => [...prev, logLine]);
         const hopProgress = (hop / total) * 80 + 10;
         ctx.setProgressValue(Math.min(95, hopProgress));
       });
@@ -456,6 +517,8 @@ export const createTerminalSessionStarters = (ctx: TerminalSessionStartersContex
           jumpHosts: jumpHosts.length > 0 ? jumpHosts : undefined,
           keepaliveInterval: ctx.terminalSettings?.keepaliveInterval,
           sessionLog: ctx.sessionLog?.enabled ? ctx.sessionLog : undefined,
+          // Only pass local key paths if no vault key is explicitly configured
+          identityFilePaths: attempt.key ? undefined : ctx.host.identityFilePaths,
         });
       };
 
@@ -547,6 +610,18 @@ export const createTerminalSessionStarters = (ctx: TerminalSessionStartersContex
           }
         }, 600);
       }
+
+      // Run OS detection only after successful connection
+      setTimeout(
+        () =>
+          void runDistroDetection(ctx, {
+            username: effectiveUsername,
+            password: usedPassword,
+            key: usedKey,
+            passphrase: effectivePassphrase,
+          }),
+        600,
+      );
     } catch (err) {
       const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
       const authError = isAuthError(err);
@@ -572,17 +647,6 @@ export const createTerminalSessionStarters = (ctx: TerminalSessionStartersContex
       ctx.setChainProgress(null);
       if (unsubscribeChainProgress) unsubscribeChainProgress();
     }
-
-    setTimeout(
-      () =>
-        void runDistroDetection(ctx, {
-          username: effectiveUsername,
-          password: usedPassword,
-          key: usedKey,
-          passphrase: effectivePassphrase,
-        }),
-      600,
-    );
   };
 
   const startTelnet = async (term: XTerm) => {

components/terminal/runtime/createXTermRuntime.ts

@@ -161,6 +161,9 @@ export const createXTermRuntime = (ctx: CreateXTermRuntimeContext): XTermRuntime
   const lineHeight = 1 + (settings?.linePadding ?? 0) / 10;
   const minimumContrastRatio = settings?.minimumContrastRatio ?? 1;
   const scrollOnUserInput = shouldEnableNativeUserInputAutoScroll(settings);
+  const smoothScrollDuration = settings?.smoothScrolling
+    ? performanceConfig.options.smoothScrollDuration
+    : 0;
   const altIsMeta = settings?.altAsMeta ?? false;
   const wordSeparator = settings?.wordSeparators ?? " ()[]{}'\"";
   const keywordHighlightRules = settings?.keywordHighlightRules ?? [];
@@ -213,6 +216,7 @@ export const createXTermRuntime = (ctx: CreateXTermRuntimeContext): XTermRuntime
     allowProposedApi: true,
     drawBoldTextInBrightColors,
     minimumContrastRatio,
+    smoothScrollDuration,
     scrollOnUserInput,
     macOptionClickForcesSelection: true,
     altClickMovesCursor: !altIsMeta,
@@ -391,13 +395,17 @@ export const createXTermRuntime = (ctx: CreateXTermRuntimeContext): XTermRuntime
             e.preventDefault();
             e.stopPropagation();
             // Send the snippet command to the terminal
-            const payload = snippet.noAutoRun
-              ? normalizeLineEndings(snippet.command)
-              : `${normalizeLineEndings(snippet.command)}\r`;
-            ctx.terminalBackend.writeToSession(id, payload);
+            let snippetData = normalizeLineEndings(snippet.command);
+            if (!snippet.noAutoRun) snippetData = `${snippetData}\r`;
+            // Broadcast the normalized (un-wrapped) data so each target
+            // session can apply its own bracket paste state
             if (ctx.isBroadcastEnabledRef.current && ctx.onBroadcastInputRef.current) {
-              ctx.onBroadcastInputRef.current(payload, ctx.sessionId);
+              ctx.onBroadcastInputRef.current(snippetData, ctx.sessionId);
             }
+            // Wrap for this terminal only, after broadcasting
+            const snippetIsMultiLine = snippetData.includes("\n");
+            if (snippetIsMultiLine && term.modes.bracketedPasteMode && !ctx.terminalSettingsRef.current?.disableBracketedPaste) snippetData = wrapBracketedPaste(snippetData);
+            ctx.terminalBackend.writeToSession(id, snippetData);
             if (!snippet.noAutoRun && ctx.onCommandExecuted) {
               const cmd = snippet.command.trim();
               if (cmd) ctx.onCommandExecuted(cmd, ctx.host.id, ctx.host.label, ctx.sessionId);

domain/host.ts

@@ -48,6 +48,14 @@ export const getEffectiveHostDistro = (
   return detected;
 };
 
+/** Format hostname:port for display, wrapping IPv6 addresses in brackets. */
+export const formatHostPort = (hostname: string, port?: number | null): string => {
+  if (port == null) return hostname;
+  const isIPv6 = hostname.includes(':') && !hostname.startsWith('[');
+  const display = isIPv6 ? `[${hostname}]` : hostname;
+  return `${display}:${port}`;
+};
+
 export const sanitizeHost = (host: Host): Host => {
   const cleanHostname = (host.hostname || '').split(/\s+/)[0];
   const cleanDistro = normalizeDistroId(host.distro);

domain/models.ts

@@ -113,6 +113,9 @@ export interface Host {
   keywordHighlightEnabled?: boolean;
   // Legacy SSH algorithm support for older network equipment (switches, routers)
   legacyAlgorithms?: boolean;
+  // Local SSH key file paths (from SSH config IdentityFile or user-added)
+  // Resolved at connection time — the app reads the file content when connecting.
+  identityFilePaths?: string[];
 }
 
 export type KeyType = 'RSA' | 'ECDSA' | 'ED25519';
@@ -410,6 +413,8 @@ export interface TerminalSettings {
   scrollOnKeyPress: boolean; // Scroll terminal to bottom on key press
   scrollOnPaste: boolean; // Scroll terminal to bottom on paste
 
+  smoothScrolling: boolean; // Animate viewport scrolling instead of jumping instantly
+
   // Mouse
   rightClickBehavior: RightClickBehavior;
   copyOnSelect: boolean; // Automatically copy selected text
@@ -532,6 +537,7 @@ const DEFAULT_TERMINAL_SETTINGS: TerminalSettings = {
   scrollOnOutput: false,
   scrollOnKeyPress: false,
   scrollOnPaste: true,
+  smoothScrolling: false,
   rightClickBehavior: 'context-menu',
   copyOnSelect: false,
   middleClickPaste: true,

domain/quickConnect.ts

@@ -9,15 +9,45 @@ interface QuickConnectParseResult {
   warnings: string[];
 }
 
+/** Test whether a string looks like a bare (un-bracketed) IPv6 address.
+ *  Must have only hex digits and colons, with either:
+ *  - A "::" shorthand (unambiguously IPv6), or
+ *  - Exactly 7 colons (full 8-group notation like 2607:f130:0:179:0:0:b0df:eec4)
+ *  This avoids false positives on MAC addresses (6 groups, 5 colons). */
+const BARE_IPV6_RE = /^[a-fA-F0-9:]+$/;
+const isBareIPv6 = (s: string): boolean => {
+  if (!BARE_IPV6_RE.test(s)) return false;
+  if (s.includes('::')) return true;
+  return (s.match(/:/g) || []).length === 7;
+};
+
 const parseDirectTarget = (input: string): QuickConnectTarget | null => {
   const trimmed = input.trim();
   if (!trimmed) return null;
 
   // Pattern: [user@]hostname[:port]
-  // Hostname can be IP (v4 or v6) or domain name
+  // Hostname can be IP (v4 or v6 in brackets) or domain name
   const regex = /^(?:([^@]+)@)?([^\s:]+|\[[^\]]+\])(?::(\d+))?$/;
   const match = trimmed.match(regex);
-  if (!match) return null;
+
+  // If the main regex fails, try bare IPv6: [user@]ipv6_address
+  // Bare IPv6 contains colons so the main regex can't distinguish host:port.
+  // Port must be specified via brackets: [ipv6]:port
+  if (!match) {
+    const bareIpv6Regex = /^(?:([^@]+)@)?([a-fA-F0-9:]+)$/;
+    const bareMatch = trimmed.match(bareIpv6Regex);
+    if (bareMatch) {
+      const [, bareUser, bareHost] = bareMatch;
+      if (isBareIPv6(bareHost)) {
+        return {
+          hostname: bareHost,
+          username: bareUser || undefined,
+          port: undefined,
+        };
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
 
   const [, username, hostname, portStr] = match;
 

domain/sshConfigSerializer.ts

@@ -113,6 +113,15 @@ export const serializeHostsToSshConfig = (hosts: Host[], allHosts?: Host[]): str
       lines.push(`    Port ${host.port}`);
     }
 
+    // Serialize IdentityFile paths
+    if (host.identityFilePaths && host.identityFilePaths.length > 0) {
+      for (const keyPath of host.identityFilePaths) {
+        // Quote paths that contain spaces
+        const formatted = keyPath.includes(" ") ? `"${keyPath}"` : keyPath;
+        lines.push(`    IdentityFile ${formatted}`);
+      }
+    }
+
     // Serialize ProxyJump if host has a chain
     const proxyJumpValue = buildProxyJumpValue(host, hostsForLookup, managedHostIds);
     if (proxyJumpValue) {

domain/syncPayload.ts

@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ const SYNCABLE_TERMINAL_KEYS = [
   'scrollback', 'drawBoldInBrightColors', 'fontLigatures', 'fontWeight', 'fontWeightBold',
   'linePadding', 'cursorShape', 'cursorBlink', 'minimumContrastRatio',
   'scrollOnInput', 'scrollOnOutput', 'scrollOnKeyPress', 'scrollOnPaste',
+  'smoothScrolling',
   'rightClickBehavior', 'copyOnSelect', 'middleClickPaste', 'wordSeparators',
   'linkModifier', 'keywordHighlightEnabled', 'keywordHighlightRules',
   'keepaliveInterval', 'disableBracketedPaste', 'osc52Clipboard',

domain/vaultImport.ts

@@ -519,6 +519,7 @@ const importFromSshConfig = (text: string): VaultImportResult => {
     username?: string;
     port?: number;
     proxyJump?: string;
+    identityFiles?: string[];
   };
 
   const blocks: Block[] = [];
@@ -557,6 +558,12 @@ const importFromSshConfig = (text: string): VaultImportResult => {
     else if (keyword === "user") current.username = value;
     else if (keyword === "port") current.port = parsePort(value);
     else if (keyword === "proxyjump") current.proxyJump = value;
+    else if (keyword === "identityfile") {
+      if (!current.identityFiles) current.identityFiles = [];
+      // Remove surrounding quotes (ssh_config allows quoted paths with spaces)
+      const unquoted = value.replace(/^["']|["']$/g, "");
+      current.identityFiles.push(unquoted);
+    }
   }
 
   flush();
@@ -597,6 +604,11 @@ const importFromSshConfig = (text: string): VaultImportResult => {
         protocol: "ssh",
       });
 
+      // Attach IdentityFile paths if present
+      if (block.identityFiles && block.identityFiles.length > 0) {
+        host.identityFilePaths = [...block.identityFiles];
+      }
+
       parsedHosts.push(host);
 
       // Store ProxyJump using hostname key (survives deduplication)

electron-builder.config.cjs

@@ -6,7 +6,12 @@ module.exports = {
     productName: 'Netcatty',
     artifactName: '${productName}-${version}-${os}-${arch}.${ext}',
     icon: 'public/icon.png',
-    npmRebuild: false,
+    // npmRebuild must stay enabled for macOS and Windows builds — without it,
+    // node-pty's native module is not recompiled for the Electron ABI, causing
+    // "posix_spawnp failed" on macOS. Linux builds set npm_config_arch in CI
+    // and run ensure-node-pty-linux.sh before packaging, so the rebuild is
+    // redundant but harmless there.
+    npmRebuild: true,
     directories: {
         buildResources: 'build',
         output: 'release'

electron/bridges/ai/ptyExec.cjs

@@ -43,53 +43,89 @@ function subscribeToPtyData(ptyStream, onData) {
   throw new Error("PTY stream does not support data subscriptions");
 }
 
+function hasExpectedPromptSuffix(text, expectedPrompt) {
+  if (!expectedPrompt) return false;
+  const normalizedText = stripAnsi(String(text || "")).replace(/\r/g, "");
+  const normalizedPrompt = stripAnsi(String(expectedPrompt || "")).replace(/\r/g, "");
+  return !!normalizedPrompt && normalizedText.endsWith(normalizedPrompt);
+}
+
+function escapePosixSingleQuoted(text) {
+  return String(text || "").replace(/'/g, "'\\''");
+}
+
+function escapePowerShellSingleQuoted(text) {
+  return String(text || "").replace(/'/g, "''");
+}
+
+function escapeFishSingleQuoted(text) {
+  return String(text || "").replace(/\\/g, "\\\\").replace(/'/g, "\\'");
+}
+
+function escapeCmdForNestedShell(text) {
+  return String(text || "").replace(/"/g, '""').replace(/%/g, "%%");
+}
+
 function buildWrappedCommand(command, shellKind, marker) {
   switch (shellKind) {
     case "powershell": {
-      // Combine into 2 PTY lines (like posix) to minimise prompt echo duplication:
-      //   Line 1: start marker + pager env + user command
-      //   Line 2: capture exit code + end marker
+      // __NCMCP_ prefix ensures the echo line is buffered/filtered even if
+      // the PTY delivers it in small chunks (the marker must appear early).
       const psPager = "$env:PAGER='cat'; $env:SYSTEMD_PAGER=''; $env:GIT_PAGER='cat'; $env:LESS=''; ";
+      const psEscaped = escapePowerShellSingleQuoted(command);
       return (
-        `Write-Output '${marker}_S'; ${psPager}${command}\r\n` +
-        `Write-Output "${marker}_E:$LASTEXITCODE"\r\n`
+        `$${marker}=0; $${marker}_cmd='${psEscaped}'; Write-Host '> ${psEscaped}'; & { Write-Output '${marker}_S'; ${psPager}$LASTEXITCODE=$null; try { Invoke-Expression $${marker}_cmd; $${marker}_rc = if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne $null) { $LASTEXITCODE } elseif ($?) { 0 } else { 1 } } catch { $${marker}_rc = 1 }; Write-Output "${marker}_E:$${marker}_rc" }\r\n`
       );
     }
 
-    case "cmd":
-      return [
-        'set "PAGER=cat"',
-        'set "SYSTEMD_PAGER="',
-        'set "GIT_PAGER=cat"',
-        'set "LESS="',
-        `echo ${marker}_S`,
-        command,
-        `echo ${marker}_E:%errorlevel%`,
-        "",
-      ].join("\r\n");
+    case "cmd": {
+      const cmdEscaped = escapeCmdForNestedShell(command);
+      return (
+        `set "${marker}=0" & set "${marker}_CMD=${cmdEscaped}" & call <nul set /p "=^> %%${marker}_CMD%%" & echo( & (echo ${marker}_S & set "PAGER=cat" & set "SYSTEMD_PAGER=" & set "GIT_PAGER=cat" & set "LESS=" & call cmd /d /s /c "%%${marker}_CMD%%" & call echo ${marker}_E:^%errorlevel^%)\r\n`
+      );
+    }
 
     case "fish":
-      return [
-        "set -gx PAGER cat",
-        "set -gx SYSTEMD_PAGER ''",
-        "set -gx GIT_PAGER cat",
-        "set -gx LESS ''",
-        `printf '%s\\n' '${marker}_S'`,
-        command,
-        "set __NCMCP_rc $status",
-        `printf '%s\\n' '${marker}_E:'$__NCMCP_rc`,
-        "",
-      ].join("\n");
+      // set __NCMCP_... at the start ensures early marker presence in echo.
+      return (
+        `set ${marker} 0; function __ncmcp_int --on-signal INT; printf '%s\\n' '${marker}_E:130'; functions -e __ncmcp_int; end; ` +
+        // Clear the current terminal row before the user-visible echo.
+        `set -l ${marker}_cmd '${escapeFishSingleQuoted(command)}'; printf '\\r\\033[2K> %s\\n' '${escapeFishSingleQuoted(command)}'; ` +
+        `begin; set -gx PAGER cat; set -gx SYSTEMD_PAGER ''; set -gx GIT_PAGER cat; set -gx LESS ''; ` +
+        `printf '%s\\n' '${marker}_S'; eval -- \$${marker}_cmd; set __NCMCP_rc $status; ` +
+        `functions -e __ncmcp_int; printf '%s\\n' '${marker}_E:'\$__NCMCP_rc; end\n`
+      );
 
     case "posix":
     default: {
-      // Combine into 2 PTY lines to minimise prompt echo duplication:
-      //   Line 1: start marker + pager env + user command
-      //   Line 2: capture exit code + end marker + restore exit code
+      // Single-line compound command with early marker & visible command echo.
+      //
+      // Layout: __NCMCP_xxx=0; printf echo; { ... MARKER_S; eval command; MARKER_E; }
+      //
+      // Key design decisions:
+      //
+      // 1) __NCMCP_xxx=0 at the VERY START ensures the PTY echo line
+      //    contains __NCMCP_ in its first few bytes. This is critical:
+      //    preload.cjs filters chunks by buffering incomplete lines that
+      //    contain __NCMCP_. Without this prefix, the first chunk of a
+      //    long echo line might not contain the marker and would leak
+      //    through to the terminal as garbage.
+      //
+      // 2) printf clears the current row and outputs "> command\n"
+      //    (no marker) → visible to user without prompt residue.
+      //
+      // 3) The user command is executed via eval on a quoted string. This
+      //    keeps shell syntax errors inside the eval call so the wrapper
+      //    can still emit the end marker and return a non-zero exit code.
+      //
+      // 4) Single-line { ... } is parsed fully before execution, so SIGINT
+      //    cannot cause bash to flush the end marker from the input buffer.
+      //    trap ':' INT lets child processes receive SIGINT normally while
+      //    preventing the shell from aborting the compound command.
       const noPager = "PAGER=cat SYSTEMD_PAGER= GIT_PAGER=cat LESS= ";
+      const escaped = escapePosixSingleQuoted(command);
       return (
-        `printf '%s\\n' '${marker}_S';${noPager}${command}\n` +
-        `__NCMCP_rc=$?;printf '%s\\n' '${marker}_E:'"$__NCMCP_rc";(exit $__NCMCP_rc)\n`
+        `${marker}=0; ${marker}_cmd='${escaped}'; printf '\\r\\033[2K> %s\\n' '${escaped}'; { printf '%s\\n' '${marker}_S'; trap ':' INT; ${noPager}eval "$${marker}_cmd"; __NCMCP_rc=$?; trap - INT; printf '%s\\n' '${marker}_E:'\"$__NCMCP_rc\"; (exit $__NCMCP_rc); }\n`
       );
     }
   }
@@ -106,6 +142,9 @@ function buildWrappedCommand(command, shellKind, marker) {
  * @param {boolean} [options.stripMarkers=false] - Strip leaked MCP markers from output
  * @param {Map} [options.trackForCancellation] - Map to register this execution in for cancellation
  * @param {number} [options.timeoutMs=60000] - Command timeout in milliseconds
+ * @param {string} [options.chatSessionId] - Chat session ID for scoped cancellation
+ * @param {AbortSignal} [options.abortSignal] - AbortSignal to cancel execution
+ * @param {string} [options.expectedPrompt] - Last observed idle prompt for exact fallback matching
  */
 function execViaPty(ptyStream, command, options) {
   const {
@@ -113,33 +152,51 @@ function execViaPty(ptyStream, command, options) {
     trackForCancellation = null,
     timeoutMs = 60000,
     shellKind,
+    chatSessionId,
+    abortSignal,
+    expectedPrompt,
   } = options || {};
 
   const marker = `__NCMCP_${Date.now().toString(36)}_${crypto.randomBytes(16).toString('hex')}__`;
   const resolvedShellKind = shellKind || "posix";
 
+  // Fast-path: already aborted before we even start
+  if (abortSignal?.aborted) {
+    return Promise.resolve({ ok: false, stdout: "", stderr: "", exitCode: -1, error: "Cancelled" });
+  }
+
   return new Promise((resolve) => {
     let output = "";
     let foundStart = false;
     let timeoutId = null;
+    let promptFallbackTimer = null;
     let finished = false;
     let unsubscribe = null;
+    const cleanupFns = [];
+
+    // Buffer for incomplete line data when searching for start marker.
+    // SSH channels can split data at arbitrary byte boundaries, so the
+    // start marker may arrive across two chunks.  We keep the content
+    // after the last \n (i.e. the current incomplete line) and prepend
+    // it to the next chunk so indexOf can match the full marker.
+    let pendingStart = "";
 
     const onData = (data) => {
       const text = data.toString();
 
       if (!foundStart) {
-        // Look for the start marker at a line boundary (actual printf output),
-        // not inside the echo of the printf command argument.
+        const combined = pendingStart + text;
+        pendingStart = "";
         const startMarker = marker + "_S";
+        let matched = false;
         let pos = 0;
-        while (pos < text.length) {
-          const idx = text.indexOf(startMarker, pos);
+        while (pos < combined.length) {
+          const idx = combined.indexOf(startMarker, pos);
           if (idx === -1) break;
-          // Accept if at start of text, or preceded by \n or \r (line boundary)
-          if (idx === 0 || text[idx - 1] === '\n' || text[idx - 1] === '\r') {
+          if (idx === 0 || combined[idx - 1] === '\n' || combined[idx - 1] === '\r') {
             foundStart = true;
-            const afterMarker = text.slice(idx);
+            matched = true;
+            const afterMarker = combined.slice(idx);
             const nlIdx = afterMarker.indexOf("\n");
             if (nlIdx !== -1) {
               output += afterMarker.slice(nlIdx + 1);
@@ -148,14 +205,42 @@ function execViaPty(ptyStream, command, options) {
           }
           pos = idx + 1;
         }
-        if (foundStart) checkEnd();
+        if (!matched) {
+          // Keep the last incomplete line for cross-chunk matching
+          const lastNl = combined.lastIndexOf("\n");
+          pendingStart = lastNl === -1 ? combined : combined.slice(lastNl + 1);
+        }
+        if (foundStart) {
+          schedulePromptFallback();
+          checkEnd();
+        }
         return;
       }
 
       output += text;
+      schedulePromptFallback();
       checkEnd();
     };
 
+    function clearPromptFallback() {
+      if (promptFallbackTimer) {
+        clearTimeout(promptFallbackTimer);
+        promptFallbackTimer = null;
+      }
+    }
+
+    function schedulePromptFallback() {
+      clearPromptFallback();
+      if (!hasExpectedPromptSuffix(output, expectedPrompt)) return;
+
+      // Fallback for shells that visibly return to the same idle prompt but
+      // never emit the wrapped end marker line.
+      promptFallbackTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        if (!hasExpectedPromptSuffix(output, expectedPrompt)) return;
+        finish(output, null, null);
+      }, 250);
+    }
+
     function checkEnd() {
       // Look for the end marker at a line boundary (actual printf output),
       // not inside the echo of the printf command argument.
@@ -179,39 +264,43 @@ function execViaPty(ptyStream, command, options) {
       }
     }
 
-    function finish(stdout, exitCode) {
+    function finish(stdout, exitCode, error) {
       if (finished) return;
       finished = true;
       clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+      clearPromptFallback();
       unsubscribe?.();
+      for (const fn of cleanupFns) { try { fn(); } catch { /* ignore */ } }
       if (trackForCancellation) {
         trackForCancellation.delete(marker);
       }
 
-      let cleaned = stripAnsi(stdout || "").trim();
+      let cleaned = stripAnsi(stdout || "").replace(/\r/g, "");
       if (stripMarkers) {
-        cleaned = cleaned.replace(/^[^\r\n]*__NCMCP_[^\r\n]*[\r\n]*/gm, "").trim();
+        cleaned = cleaned.replace(/^[^\r\n]*__NCMCP_[^\r\n]*[\r\n]*/gm, "");
+      }
+      const normalizedPrompt = stripAnsi(String(expectedPrompt || "")).replace(/\r/g, "");
+      if (normalizedPrompt && cleaned.endsWith(normalizedPrompt)) {
+        cleaned = cleaned.slice(0, cleaned.length - normalizedPrompt.length);
+      }
+      cleaned = cleaned.trim();
+      if (error) {
+        resolve({ ok: false, stdout: cleaned, stderr: "", exitCode: exitCode ?? -1, error });
+      } else {
+        resolve({
+          ok: exitCode === 0 || exitCode === null,
+          stdout: cleaned,
+          stderr: "",
+          exitCode: exitCode ?? 0,
+        });
       }
-      resolve({
-        ok: exitCode === 0 || exitCode === null,
-        stdout: cleaned,
-        stderr: "",
-        exitCode: exitCode ?? 0,
-      });
     }
 
     timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
-      if (finished) return;
-      finished = true;
-      unsubscribe?.();
-      if (trackForCancellation) {
-        trackForCancellation.delete(marker);
-      }
       // Send Ctrl+C to kill the timed-out command
       if (typeof ptyStream.write === "function") ptyStream.write("\x03");
-      const cleaned = stripAnsi(output).trim();
       const timeoutSec = Math.round(timeoutMs / 1000);
-      resolve({ ok: false, stdout: cleaned, stderr: "", exitCode: -1, error: `Command timed out (${timeoutSec}s)` });
+      finish(output, -1, `Command timed out (${timeoutSec}s)`);
     }, timeoutMs);
 
     unsubscribe = subscribeToPtyData(ptyStream, onData);
@@ -220,6 +309,11 @@ function execViaPty(ptyStream, command, options) {
     if (trackForCancellation) {
       trackForCancellation.set(marker, {
         ptyStream,
+        chatSessionId: chatSessionId || null,
+        cancel: () => {
+          if (typeof ptyStream.write === "function") ptyStream.write("\x03");
+          finish(output, -1, "Cancelled");
+        },
         cleanup: () => {
           clearTimeout(timeoutId);
           unsubscribe?.();
@@ -227,6 +321,35 @@ function execViaPty(ptyStream, command, options) {
       });
     }
 
+    // Stream close/error detection — resolve immediately instead of waiting for timeout
+    if (typeof ptyStream.on === "function") {
+      const onClose = () => finish(output, null, "Stream closed unexpectedly");
+      const onError = (err) => finish(output, -1, `Stream error: ${err?.message || err}`);
+      ptyStream.on("close", onClose);
+      ptyStream.on("end", onClose);
+      ptyStream.on("error", onError);
+      cleanupFns.push(() => {
+        try { ptyStream.removeListener("close", onClose); } catch { /* */ }
+        try { ptyStream.removeListener("end", onClose); } catch { /* */ }
+        try { ptyStream.removeListener("error", onError); } catch { /* */ }
+      });
+    }
+    // node-pty uses onExit instead of close/end
+    if (typeof ptyStream.onExit === "function") {
+      const disposable = ptyStream.onExit(() => finish(output, null, "Process exited"));
+      cleanupFns.push(() => { try { disposable?.dispose?.(); } catch { /* */ } });
+    }
+
+    // AbortSignal handling — send Ctrl+C and resolve when aborted
+    if (abortSignal) {
+      const onAbort = () => {
+        if (typeof ptyStream.write === "function") ptyStream.write("\x03");
+        finish(output, -1, "Cancelled");
+      };
+      abortSignal.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true });
+      cleanupFns.push(() => abortSignal.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort));
+    }
+
     // Markers are filtered from terminal display by preload.cjs (MCP_MARKER_RE).
     ptyStream.write(buildWrappedCommand(command, resolvedShellKind, marker));
   });
@@ -244,6 +367,7 @@ function execViaChannel(sshClient, command, options) {
   const {
     timeoutMs = 60000,
     trackForCancellation = null,
+    chatSessionId,
   } = options || {};
 
   return new Promise((resolve) => {
@@ -276,6 +400,11 @@ function execViaChannel(sshClient, command, options) {
       }, timeoutMs);
       if (trackForCancellation) {
         trackForCancellation.set(marker, {
+          chatSessionId: chatSessionId || null,
+          cancel: () => {
+            try { execStream.close(); } catch { /* ignore */ }
+            finish({ ok: false, stdout, stderr, exitCode: -1, error: "Cancelled" });
+          },
           cleanup: () => {
             clearTimeout(timeoutId);
             try { execStream.close(); } catch { /* ignore */ }

electron/bridges/ai/shellUtils.cjs

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ const ANSI_ESCAPE_REGEX = /\u001B\[[0-?]*[ -/]*[@-~]/g;
 const ANSI_OSC_REGEX = /\u001B\][^\u0007]*(?:\u0007|\u001B\\)/g;
 const URL_CANDIDATE_REGEX = /https?:\/\/[^\s]+/g;
 const WINDOWS_RUNNABLE_EXTENSIONS = [".exe", ".cmd", ".bat", ".com"];
+const MAX_PROMPT_TRACK_TAIL = 4096;
 
 // ── ANSI stripping ──
 
@@ -23,6 +24,36 @@ function stripAnsi(input) {
   return String(input || "").replace(ANSI_OSC_REGEX, "").replace(ANSI_ESCAPE_REGEX, "");
 }
 
+function extractTrailingIdlePrompt(output) {
+  const normalized = stripAnsi(output).replace(/\r/g, "");
+  if (!normalized || normalized.endsWith("\n")) return "";
+
+  const lastLine = normalized.split("\n").pop() || "";
+  const rightTrimmed = lastLine.replace(/\s+$/, "");
+  if (!rightTrimmed) return "";
+
+  if (/^[^\s@]+@[^\s:]+(?::[^\n\r]*)?[#$]$/.test(rightTrimmed)) {
+    return lastLine;
+  }
+
+  return "";
+}
+
+function trackSessionIdlePrompt(session, chunk) {
+  if (!session || typeof chunk !== "string" || !chunk) return "";
+
+  const nextTail = `${session._promptTrackTail || ""}${chunk}`.slice(-MAX_PROMPT_TRACK_TAIL);
+  session._promptTrackTail = nextTail;
+
+  const prompt = extractTrailingIdlePrompt(nextTail);
+  if (prompt) {
+    session.lastIdlePrompt = prompt;
+    session.lastIdlePromptAt = Date.now();
+  }
+
+  return prompt;
+}
+
 // ── URL helpers ──
 
 function isLocalhostHostname(hostname) {
@@ -271,6 +302,8 @@ function serializeStreamChunk(chunk) {
 
 module.exports = {
   stripAnsi,
+  extractTrailingIdlePrompt,
+  trackSessionIdlePrompt,
   isLocalhostHostname,
   extractFirstNonLocalhostUrl,
   normalizeCliPathForPlatform,

electron/bridges/aiBridge.cjs

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ const MAX_CONCURRENT_AGENTS = 5;
 const acpProviders = new Map();
 const acpActiveStreams = new Map();
 const acpRequestSessions = new Map();
+const acpPendingCancelRequests = new Set();
 const acpForceProviderReset = new Set();
 const acpChatRuns = new Map();
 
@@ -881,7 +882,7 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
   });
 
   // Execute a command on a terminal session (for Catty Agent)
-  ipcMain.handle("netcatty:ai:exec", async (event, { sessionId, command }) => {
+  ipcMain.handle("netcatty:ai:exec", async (event, { sessionId, command, chatSessionId }) => {
     // Validate IPC sender (Issue #17)
     if (!validateSender(event)) {
       return { ok: false, error: "Unauthorized IPC sender" };
@@ -915,8 +916,11 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
         const timeoutMs = mcpServerBridge.getCommandTimeoutMs ? mcpServerBridge.getCommandTimeoutMs() : 60000;
         return execViaPty(ptyStream, command, {
           stripMarkers: true,
+          trackForCancellation: mcpServerBridge.activePtyExecs,
           timeoutMs,
           shellKind: session.shellKind,
+          chatSessionId,
+          expectedPrompt: session.lastIdlePrompt || "",
         });
       }
 
@@ -925,7 +929,11 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
       if (sshClient && typeof sshClient.exec === "function") {
         const { execViaChannel } = require("./ai/ptyExec.cjs");
         const channelTimeoutMs = mcpServerBridge.getCommandTimeoutMs ? mcpServerBridge.getCommandTimeoutMs() : 60000;
-        return execViaChannel(sshClient, command, { timeoutMs: channelTimeoutMs });
+        return execViaChannel(sshClient, command, {
+          timeoutMs: channelTimeoutMs,
+          trackForCancellation: mcpServerBridge.activePtyExecs,
+          chatSessionId,
+        });
       }
 
       return { ok: false, error: "No terminal stream or SSH client available for this session" };
@@ -934,6 +942,15 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
     }
   });
 
+  // Cancel in-flight Catty Agent command executions for a chat session
+  ipcMain.handle("netcatty:ai:catty:cancel", async (event, { chatSessionId }) => {
+    if (!validateSender(event)) {
+      return { ok: false, error: "Unauthorized IPC sender" };
+    }
+    mcpServerBridge.cancelPtyExecsForSession(chatSessionId);
+    return { ok: true };
+  });
+
   // Write to terminal session (send input like a user typing)
   ipcMain.handle("netcatty:ai:terminal:write", async (event, { sessionId, data }) => {
     // Validate IPC sender (Issue #17)
@@ -1715,11 +1732,39 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
     }
     let abortController = null;
     try {
+      const existingRun = acpChatRuns.get(chatSessionId);
+      if (existingRun && existingRun.requestId !== requestId) {
+        existingRun.cancelRequested = true;
+        const existingController = acpActiveStreams.get(existingRun.requestId);
+        if (existingController) {
+          existingController.abort();
+          acpActiveStreams.delete(existingRun.requestId);
+        }
+        acpRequestSessions.delete(existingRun.requestId);
+        cleanupAcpProvider(chatSessionId);
+      }
+
       mcpServerBridge.setChatSessionCancelled?.(chatSessionId, false);
+      abortController = new AbortController();
+      acpActiveStreams.set(requestId, abortController);
+      acpRequestSessions.set(requestId, chatSessionId);
+      acpChatRuns.set(chatSessionId, { requestId, cancelRequested: false });
+
+      const consumePendingStartupCancel = () => {
+        if (!acpPendingCancelRequests.has(requestId)) return false;
+        acpPendingCancelRequests.delete(requestId);
+        abortController?.abort();
+        return true;
+      };
+
+      const shouldAbortStartup = () =>
+        Boolean(abortController?.signal?.aborted || consumePendingStartupCancel());
+
       const { createACPProvider } = require("@mcpc-tech/acp-ai-provider");
       const { streamText, stepCountIs } = require("ai");
 
       const shellEnv = await getShellEnv();
+      if (shouldAbortStartup()) return { ok: true };
       const sessionCwd = cwd || process.cwd();
       const isCodexAgent = acpCommand === "codex-acp";
       const isClaudeAgent = acpCommand === "claude-agent-acp";
@@ -1730,6 +1775,7 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
 
       if (isCodexAgent && !apiKey) {
         const validation = await validateCodexChatGptAuth({ maxAgeMs: 10000 });
+        if (shouldAbortStartup()) return { ok: true };
         if (!validation.ok) {
           if (isCodexAuthError(validation)) {
             try {
@@ -1752,6 +1798,7 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
       const mcpSnapshot = isCodexAgent
         ? await resolveCodexMcpSnapshot(sessionCwd)
         : { mcpServers: [], fingerprint: getCodexMcpFingerprint([]) };
+      if (shouldAbortStartup()) return { ok: true };
 
       // Inject Netcatty MCP server for scoped terminal-session access
       try {
@@ -1762,23 +1809,12 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
       } catch (err) {
         console.error("[ACP] Failed to inject Netcatty MCP server:", err?.message || err);
       }
+      if (shouldAbortStartup()) return { ok: true };
 
       // Recalculate fingerprint after injection
       mcpSnapshot.fingerprint = getCodexMcpFingerprint(mcpSnapshot.mcpServers);
 
       const currentPermissionMode = mcpServerBridge.getPermissionMode();
-      const existingRun = acpChatRuns.get(chatSessionId);
-      if (existingRun && existingRun.requestId !== requestId) {
-        existingRun.cancelRequested = true;
-        const existingController = acpActiveStreams.get(existingRun.requestId);
-        if (existingController) {
-          existingController.abort();
-          acpActiveStreams.delete(existingRun.requestId);
-        }
-        acpRequestSessions.delete(existingRun.requestId);
-        cleanupAcpProvider(chatSessionId);
-      }
-
       let providerEntry = acpProviders.get(chatSessionId);
       const shouldForceProviderReset = acpForceProviderReset.has(chatSessionId);
       const shouldReuseProvider = Boolean(
@@ -1841,6 +1877,7 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
       let modelInstance = providerEntry.provider.languageModel(model || undefined);
       try {
         await providerEntry.provider.initSession(providerEntry.provider.tools);
+        if (shouldAbortStartup()) return { ok: true };
       } catch (err) {
         const attemptedResumeSessionId = providerEntry.provider?.getSessionId?.() || existingSessionId;
         if (!attemptedResumeSessionId || !isUnsupportedLoadSessionError(err)) {
@@ -1882,6 +1919,7 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
         acpProviders.set(chatSessionId, providerEntry);
         modelInstance = providerEntry.provider.languageModel(model || undefined);
         await providerEntry.provider.initSession(providerEntry.provider.tools);
+        if (shouldAbortStartup()) return { ok: true };
       }
       const activeProviderSessionId = providerEntry.provider.getSessionId?.() || null;
       if (activeProviderSessionId) {
@@ -1891,11 +1929,6 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
         });
       }
 
-      abortController = new AbortController();
-      acpActiveStreams.set(requestId, abortController);
-      acpRequestSessions.set(requestId, chatSessionId);
-      acpChatRuns.set(chatSessionId, { requestId, cancelRequested: false });
-
       // Prepend context hint so the agent uses Netcatty MCP tools for the scoped sessions
       const contextualPrompt =
         `[Context: You are inside Netcatty, a multi-session terminal manager. ` +
@@ -2055,6 +2088,7 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
     } finally {
       acpActiveStreams.delete(requestId);
       acpRequestSessions.delete(requestId);
+      acpPendingCancelRequests.delete(requestId);
       const activeRun = acpChatRuns.get(chatSessionId);
       if (activeRun?.requestId === requestId) {
         if (abortController?.signal?.aborted || activeRun.cancelRequested) {
@@ -2069,20 +2103,24 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
 
   ipcMain.handle("netcatty:ai:acp:cancel", async (event, { requestId, chatSessionId }) => {
     if (!validateSender(event)) return { ok: false, error: "Unauthorized IPC sender" };
-    // Cancel any active PTY executions (send Ctrl+C)
-    mcpServerBridge.cancelAllPtyExecs();
     const effectiveChatSessionId = chatSessionId || acpRequestSessions.get(requestId);
+    const activeRun = effectiveChatSessionId ? acpChatRuns.get(effectiveChatSessionId) : null;
+    const effectiveRequestId = requestId || activeRun?.requestId || "";
+    // Cancel PTY executions scoped to this chat session (send Ctrl+C)
+    mcpServerBridge.cancelPtyExecsForSession(effectiveChatSessionId);
     mcpServerBridge.setChatSessionCancelled?.(effectiveChatSessionId, true);
     mcpServerBridge.clearPendingApprovals(effectiveChatSessionId);
-    const activeRun = effectiveChatSessionId ? acpChatRuns.get(effectiveChatSessionId) : null;
-    if (activeRun && activeRun.requestId === requestId) {
+    if (activeRun && activeRun.requestId === effectiveRequestId) {
       activeRun.cancelRequested = true;
     }
-    const controller = acpActiveStreams.get(requestId);
+    const controller = acpActiveStreams.get(effectiveRequestId);
     let cancelled = false;
     if (controller) {
       controller.abort();
-      acpActiveStreams.delete(requestId);
+      acpActiveStreams.delete(effectiveRequestId);
+      cancelled = true;
+    } else if (effectiveRequestId) {
+      acpPendingCancelRequests.add(effectiveRequestId);
       cancelled = true;
     }
     if (effectiveChatSessionId) {
@@ -2093,7 +2131,7 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
     // continue within the same persisted conversation context. Full provider
     // cleanup is handled by netcatty:ai:acp:cleanup when the chat is deleted.
     if (effectiveChatSessionId) cancelled = true;
-    acpRequestSessions.delete(requestId);
+    if (effectiveRequestId) acpRequestSessions.delete(effectiveRequestId);
     return cancelled ? { ok: true } : { ok: false, error: "Stream not found" };
   });
 

electron/bridges/crashLogBridge.cjs

@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+/**
+ * Crash Log Bridge - Captures main-process errors and writes them to local log files.
+ *
+ * Log files are stored as JSONL (one JSON object per line) under
+ * {userData}/crash-logs/crash-YYYY-MM-DD.log so that appending is cheap and
+ * atomic.  Files older than 30 days are pruned on startup.
+ */
+
+const fs = require("node:fs");
+const path = require("node:path");
+const os = require("node:os");
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// State
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+let logDir = null;
+let electronApp = null;
+let electronShell = null;
+let sessionsMap = null;
+
+const LOG_RETENTION_DAYS = 30;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Helpers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function ensureLogDir() {
+  if (logDir) return logDir;
+
+  try {
+    // Try the stored app reference first, then fall back to requiring electron
+    // directly so crash logging works even before init() is called.
+    let userDataPath = null;
+    if (electronApp) {
+      userDataPath = electronApp.getPath("userData");
+    } else {
+      try {
+        const { app } = require("node:electron");
+        userDataPath = app?.getPath?.("userData") ?? null;
+      } catch {
+        try {
+          const { app } = require("electron");
+          userDataPath = app?.getPath?.("userData") ?? null;
+        } catch {
+          // Electron not available yet
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (!userDataPath) return null;
+
+    logDir = path.join(userDataPath, "crash-logs");
+    if (!fs.existsSync(logDir)) {
+      fs.mkdirSync(logDir, { recursive: true });
+    }
+    return logDir;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function todayFileName() {
+  const d = new Date();
+  const ymd = `${d.getFullYear()}-${String(d.getMonth() + 1).padStart(2, "0")}-${String(d.getDate()).padStart(2, "0")}`;
+  return `crash-${ymd}.log`;
+}
+
+function buildEntry(source, err, extra) {
+  const error = err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err ?? "unknown"));
+
+  let mem;
+  try {
+    const m = process.memoryUsage();
+    mem = {
+      rss: Math.round(m.rss / 1048576),
+      heapUsed: Math.round(m.heapUsed / 1048576),
+      heapTotal: Math.round(m.heapTotal / 1048576),
+    };
+  } catch {
+    // ignore
+  }
+
+  // Extract extra properties from the error object (code, errno, syscall, etc.)
+  const errorMeta = {};
+  for (const key of ["code", "errno", "syscall", "hostname", "port", "signal", "level"]) {
+    if (error[key] !== undefined) {
+      errorMeta[key] = error[key];
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+    source,
+    message: error.message || String(err),
+    stack: error.stack || undefined,
+    errorMeta: Object.keys(errorMeta).length > 0 ? errorMeta : undefined,
+    extra: extra || undefined,
+    pid: process.pid,
+    platform: process.platform,
+    arch: process.arch,
+    version: electronApp?.getVersion?.() ?? "unknown",
+    electronVersion: process.versions?.electron ?? "unknown",
+    osVersion: os.release(),
+    memoryMB: mem,
+    activeSessionCount: sessionsMap?.size ?? -1,
+    uptimeSeconds: Math.round(process.uptime()),
+  };
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Public API
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Write a crash/error entry to today's log file (sync, safe for use in
+ * uncaughtException handlers).
+ */
+function captureError(source, err, extra) {
+  try {
+    const dir = ensureLogDir();
+    if (!dir) return;
+
+    const entry = buildEntry(source, err, extra);
+    const filePath = path.join(dir, todayFileName());
+    fs.appendFileSync(filePath, JSON.stringify(entry) + "\n", "utf-8");
+  } catch {
+    // Never throw from the crash logger itself.
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Delete log files older than LOG_RETENTION_DAYS.
+ */
+function pruneOldLogs() {
+  try {
+    const dir = ensureLogDir();
+    if (!dir) return;
+
+    const cutoff = Date.now() - LOG_RETENTION_DAYS * 86400000;
+    const files = fs.readdirSync(dir);
+
+    for (const file of files) {
+      if (!file.startsWith("crash-") || !file.endsWith(".log")) continue;
+      try {
+        const filePath = path.join(dir, file);
+        const stat = fs.statSync(filePath);
+        if (stat.mtimeMs < cutoff) {
+          fs.unlinkSync(filePath);
+          console.log(`[CrashLog] Pruned old log: ${file}`);
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // skip
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // skip
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// IPC handlers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Count newlines in a file by streaming instead of reading entire content.
+ */
+async function countLines(filePath) {
+  return new Promise((resolve) => {
+    let count = 0;
+    const stream = fs.createReadStream(filePath, { encoding: "utf-8" });
+    stream.on("data", (chunk) => {
+      for (let i = 0; i < chunk.length; i++) {
+        if (chunk[i] === "\n") count++;
+      }
+    });
+    stream.on("end", () => resolve(count));
+    stream.on("error", () => resolve(0));
+  });
+}
+
+async function listLogs() {
+  const dir = ensureLogDir();
+  if (!dir) return [];
+
+  try {
+    const files = await fs.promises.readdir(dir);
+    const results = [];
+
+    for (const file of files) {
+      if (!file.startsWith("crash-") || !file.endsWith(".log")) continue;
+      try {
+        const filePath = path.join(dir, file);
+        const stat = await fs.promises.stat(filePath);
+        const entryCount = await countLines(filePath);
+        results.push({
+          fileName: file,
+          date: file.replace("crash-", "").replace(".log", ""),
+          size: stat.size,
+          entryCount,
+        });
+      } catch {
+        // skip unreadable files
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Sort newest first
+    results.sort((a, b) => b.date.localeCompare(a.date));
+    return results;
+  } catch {
+    return [];
+  }
+}
+
+const MAX_READ_ENTRIES = 500;
+// Read up to ~256KB from the tail of the file to cap memory/CPU usage
+const MAX_TAIL_BYTES = 256 * 1024;
+
+async function readLog(fileName) {
+  const dir = ensureLogDir();
+  if (!dir) return [];
+
+  // Validate fileName to prevent path traversal
+  if (!/^crash-\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\.log$/.test(fileName)) return [];
+
+  try {
+    const filePath = path.join(dir, fileName);
+    const stat = await fs.promises.stat(filePath);
+
+    let content;
+    if (stat.size > MAX_TAIL_BYTES) {
+      // Only read the tail of the file
+      const buf = Buffer.alloc(MAX_TAIL_BYTES);
+      const fd = await fs.promises.open(filePath, "r");
+      try {
+        await fd.read(buf, 0, MAX_TAIL_BYTES, stat.size - MAX_TAIL_BYTES);
+      } finally {
+        await fd.close();
+      }
+      const raw = buf.toString("utf-8");
+      // Drop the first partial line
+      const firstNewline = raw.indexOf("\n");
+      content = firstNewline >= 0 ? raw.slice(firstNewline + 1) : raw;
+    } else {
+      content = await fs.promises.readFile(filePath, "utf-8");
+    }
+
+    const lines = content.split("\n").filter(Boolean);
+    // Only parse the last MAX_READ_ENTRIES lines
+    const tail = lines.slice(-MAX_READ_ENTRIES);
+    const entries = [];
+    for (const line of tail) {
+      try {
+        entries.push(JSON.parse(line));
+      } catch {
+        // skip malformed lines
+      }
+    }
+    return entries;
+  } catch {
+    return [];
+  }
+}
+
+async function clearLogs() {
+  const dir = ensureLogDir();
+  if (!dir) return { deletedCount: 0 };
+
+  let deletedCount = 0;
+  try {
+    const files = await fs.promises.readdir(dir);
+    for (const file of files) {
+      if (!file.startsWith("crash-") || !file.endsWith(".log")) continue;
+      try {
+        await fs.promises.unlink(path.join(dir, file));
+        deletedCount++;
+      } catch {
+        // skip
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // skip
+  }
+  return { deletedCount };
+}
+
+async function openDir() {
+  const dir = ensureLogDir();
+  if (!dir || !electronShell?.openPath) return { success: false };
+  try {
+    const errorMessage = await electronShell.openPath(dir);
+    // shell.openPath resolves to an error string on failure, empty string on success
+    return { success: !errorMessage };
+  } catch {
+    return { success: false };
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Lifecycle
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function init(deps) {
+  const { electronModule, sessions } = deps;
+  const { app, shell } = electronModule || {};
+  electronApp = app;
+  electronShell = shell;
+  sessionsMap = sessions || null;
+
+  ensureLogDir();
+  pruneOldLogs();
+
+  console.log(`[CrashLog] Crash log directory: ${logDir}`);
+}
+
+function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
+  ipcMain.handle("netcatty:crashLogs:list", async () => listLogs());
+  ipcMain.handle("netcatty:crashLogs:read", async (_event, { fileName }) => readLog(fileName));
+  ipcMain.handle("netcatty:crashLogs:clear", async () => clearLogs());
+  ipcMain.handle("netcatty:crashLogs:openDir", async () => openDir());
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  init,
+  captureError,
+  registerHandlers,
+};

electron/bridges/mcpServerBridge.cjs

@@ -145,16 +145,30 @@ function clearPendingApprovals(chatSessionId) {
 function cancelAllPtyExecs() {
   for (const [marker, entry] of activePtyExecs) {
     try {
-      entry.cleanup();
-      // Send Ctrl+C to kill the running command
-      if (entry.ptyStream && typeof entry.ptyStream.write === "function") {
-        entry.ptyStream.write("\x03");
-      }
+      if (typeof entry.cancel === "function") entry.cancel();
+      else entry.cleanup();
     } catch { /* ignore */ }
+    activePtyExecs.delete(marker);
   }
   activePtyExecs.clear();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Cancel PTY executions scoped to a specific chat session.
+ * Only affects entries whose chatSessionId matches.
+ */
+function cancelPtyExecsForSession(chatSessionId) {
+  if (!chatSessionId) return;
+  for (const [marker, entry] of activePtyExecs) {
+    if (entry.chatSessionId !== chatSessionId) continue;
+    try {
+      if (typeof entry.cancel === "function") entry.cancel();
+      else entry.cleanup();
+    } catch { /* ignore */ }
+    activePtyExecs.delete(marker);
+  }
+}
+
 function init(deps) {
   sessions = deps.sessions;
   sftpClients = deps.sftpClients;
@@ -598,6 +612,7 @@ function handleExec(params) {
       trackForCancellation: activePtyExecs,
       timeoutMs: commandTimeoutMs,
       shellKind: session.shellKind,
+      expectedPrompt: session.lastIdlePrompt || "",
     });
   }
 
@@ -966,7 +981,9 @@ module.exports = {
   getScopedSessionIds,
   getOrCreateHost,
   buildMcpServerConfig,
+  activePtyExecs,
   cancelAllPtyExecs,
+  cancelPtyExecsForSession,
   cleanupScopedMetadata,
   cleanup,
   setMainWindowGetter,

electron/bridges/portForwardingBridge.cjs

@@ -3,19 +3,38 @@
  * Extracted from main.cjs for single responsibility
  */
 
+const fs = require("node:fs");
+const os = require("node:os");
+const path = require("node:path");
 const net = require("node:net");
 const { Client: SSHClient } = require("ssh2");
+const { NetcattyAgent } = require("./netcattyAgent.cjs");
 const keyboardInteractiveHandler = require("./keyboardInteractiveHandler.cjs");
+const { connectThroughChain } = require("./sshBridge.cjs");
+const { createProxySocket } = require("./proxyUtils.cjs");
 const { 
   buildAuthHandler, 
   createKeyboardInteractiveHandler, 
   applyAuthToConnOpts,
   findAllDefaultPrivateKeys: findAllDefaultPrivateKeysFromHelper,
+  isKeyEncrypted,
 } = require("./sshAuthHelper.cjs");
+const passphraseHandler = require("./passphraseHandler.cjs");
 
 // Active port forwarding tunnels
 const portForwardingTunnels = new Map();
 
+function cleanupChainConnections(connections) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(connections)) return;
+  for (const chainConn of connections) {
+    try { chainConn.end(); } catch { /* ignore */ }
+  }
+}
+
+function isTunnelCancelled(tunnelState) {
+  return Boolean(tunnelState?.cancelled);
+}
+
 /**
  * Send message to renderer safely
  */
@@ -44,11 +63,30 @@ async function startPortForward(event, payload) {
     username,
     password,
     privateKey,
+    certificate,
+    keyId,
     passphrase,
+    proxy,
+    jumpHosts = [],
+    identityFilePaths,
   } = payload;
 
   const conn = new SSHClient();
   const sender = event.sender;
+  const hasJumpHosts = jumpHosts.length > 0;
+  const hasProxy = !!proxy;
+  let chainConnections = [];
+  let connectionSocket = null;
+  const tunnelState = {
+    type,
+    conn,
+    pendingConn: null,
+    server: null,
+    chainConnections,
+    status: 'connecting',
+    webContentsId: sender.id,
+    cancelled: false,
+  };
 
   const sendStatus = (status, error = null) => {
     if (!sender.isDestroyed()) {
@@ -66,9 +104,53 @@ async function startPortForward(event, payload) {
     tryKeyboard: true,
   };
 
-  if (privateKey) {
+  const hasCertificate = typeof certificate === "string" && certificate.trim().length > 0;
+
+  if (hasCertificate) {
+    connectOpts.agent = new NetcattyAgent({
+      mode: "certificate",
+      webContents: sender,
+      meta: {
+        label: keyId || username || "",
+        certificate,
+        privateKey,
+        passphrase,
+      },
+    });
+  } else if (privateKey) {
     connectOpts.privateKey = privateKey;
   }
+
+  // Read identity files from local paths (e.g. SSH config IdentityFile)
+  // when no explicit key/certificate was already configured.
+  if (!connectOpts.privateKey && !connectOpts.agent && identityFilePaths?.length > 0) {
+    for (const keyPath of identityFilePaths) {
+      try {
+        const resolvedPath = keyPath.startsWith("~/")
+          ? path.join(os.homedir(), keyPath.slice(2))
+          : keyPath;
+        const keyContent = await fs.promises.readFile(resolvedPath, "utf8");
+        connectOpts.privateKey = keyContent;
+        if (isKeyEncrypted(keyContent)) {
+          const result = await passphraseHandler.requestPassphrase(
+            sender,
+            resolvedPath,
+            path.basename(resolvedPath),
+            hostname,
+          );
+          if (result?.passphrase) {
+            connectOpts.passphrase = result.passphrase;
+          } else {
+            delete connectOpts.privateKey;
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.warn(`[PortForward] Failed to read identity file ${keyPath}:`, err.message);
+      }
+    }
+  }
   if (passphrase) {
     connectOpts.passphrase = passphrase;
   }
@@ -76,19 +158,101 @@ async function startPortForward(event, payload) {
     connectOpts.password = password;
   }
 
-  // Get default keys
-  const defaultKeys = await findAllDefaultPrivateKeysFromHelper();
+  sendStatus('connecting');
+  portForwardingTunnels.set(tunnelId, tunnelState);
 
-  // Build auth handler using shared helper
-  const authConfig = buildAuthHandler({
-    privateKey,
-    password,
-    passphrase,
-    username: connectOpts.username,
-    logPrefix: "[PortForward]",
-    defaultKeys,
-  });
-  applyAuthToConnOpts(connectOpts, authConfig);
+  let defaultKeys = [];
+  try {
+    // Get default keys
+    defaultKeys = await findAllDefaultPrivateKeysFromHelper();
+    if (isTunnelCancelled(tunnelState)) {
+      portForwardingTunnels.delete(tunnelId);
+      return { tunnelId, success: false, cancelled: true };
+    }
+
+    // Build auth handler using shared helper
+    const authConfig = buildAuthHandler({
+      privateKey: connectOpts.privateKey,
+      password,
+      passphrase: connectOpts.passphrase,
+      agent: connectOpts.agent,
+      username: connectOpts.username,
+      logPrefix: "[PortForward]",
+      defaultKeys,
+    });
+    applyAuthToConnOpts(connectOpts, authConfig);
+    if (isTunnelCancelled(tunnelState)) {
+      portForwardingTunnels.delete(tunnelId);
+      return { tunnelId, success: false, cancelled: true };
+    }
+
+    if (hasJumpHosts) {
+      const chainResult = await connectThroughChain(
+        event,
+        {
+          hostname,
+          port,
+          username,
+          password,
+          privateKey,
+          passphrase,
+          proxy,
+          jumpHosts,
+          _defaultKeys: defaultKeys,
+          _connectionsRef: chainConnections,
+          _tunnelRef: tunnelState,
+        },
+        jumpHosts,
+        hostname,
+        port,
+        tunnelId,
+      );
+      connectionSocket = chainResult.socket;
+      chainConnections = chainResult.connections;
+      tunnelState.chainConnections = chainConnections;
+      if (isTunnelCancelled(tunnelState)) {
+        cleanupChainConnections(chainConnections);
+        portForwardingTunnels.delete(tunnelId);
+        return { tunnelId, success: false, cancelled: true };
+      }
+      connectOpts.sock = connectionSocket;
+      delete connectOpts.host;
+      delete connectOpts.port;
+    } else if (hasProxy) {
+      connectionSocket = await createProxySocket(proxy, hostname, port, {
+        onSocket: (socket) => {
+          tunnelState.pendingConn = socket;
+        },
+      });
+      if (isTunnelCancelled(tunnelState)) {
+        try { connectionSocket?.end?.(); } catch { /* ignore */ }
+        try { connectionSocket?.destroy?.(); } catch { /* ignore */ }
+        portForwardingTunnels.delete(tunnelId);
+        return { tunnelId, success: false, cancelled: true };
+      }
+      tunnelState.pendingConn = null;
+      connectOpts.sock = connectionSocket;
+      delete connectOpts.host;
+      delete connectOpts.port;
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (isTunnelCancelled(tunnelState)) {
+      portForwardingTunnels.delete(tunnelId);
+      return { tunnelId, success: false, cancelled: true };
+    }
+    tunnelState.cancelled = true;
+    if (tunnelState.pendingConn) {
+      try { tunnelState.pendingConn.end(); } catch { /* ignore */ }
+    }
+    cleanupChainConnections(tunnelState.chainConnections);
+    if (connectionSocket) {
+      try { connectionSocket.end?.(); } catch { /* ignore */ }
+      try { connectionSocket.destroy?.(); } catch { /* ignore */ }
+    }
+    portForwardingTunnels.delete(tunnelId);
+    sendStatus('error', err?.message || String(err));
+    throw err;
+  }
 
   // Handle keyboard-interactive authentication (2FA/MFA)
   conn.on("keyboard-interactive", createKeyboardInteractiveHandler({
@@ -133,20 +297,20 @@ async function startPortForward(event, payload) {
           console.error(`[PortForward] Server error:`, err.message);
           sendStatus('error', err.message);
           conn.end();
-          portForwardingTunnels.delete(tunnelId);
           settled = true;
           reject(err);
         });
 
         server.listen(localPort, bindAddress, () => {
           console.log(`[PortForward] Local forwarding active: ${bindAddress}:${localPort} -> ${remoteHost}:${remotePort}`);
-          portForwardingTunnels.set(tunnelId, {
-            type: 'local',
-            conn,
-            server,
-            status: 'active',
-            webContentsId: sender.id
-          });
+          tunnelState.type = 'local';
+          tunnelState.conn = conn;
+          tunnelState.server = server;
+          tunnelState.chainConnections = chainConnections;
+          tunnelState.status = 'active';
+          tunnelState.webContentsId = sender.id;
+          tunnelState.pendingConn = null;
+          portForwardingTunnels.set(tunnelId, tunnelState);
           sendStatus('active');
           settled = true;
           resolve({ tunnelId, success: true });
@@ -165,12 +329,14 @@ async function startPortForward(event, payload) {
           }
 
           console.log(`[PortForward] Remote forwarding active: remote ${bindAddress}:${localPort} -> local ${remoteHost}:${remotePort}`);
-          portForwardingTunnels.set(tunnelId, {
-            type: 'remote',
-            conn,
-            status: 'active',
-            webContentsId: sender.id
-          });
+          tunnelState.type = 'remote';
+          tunnelState.conn = conn;
+          tunnelState.server = null;
+          tunnelState.chainConnections = chainConnections;
+          tunnelState.status = 'active';
+          tunnelState.webContentsId = sender.id;
+          tunnelState.pendingConn = null;
+          portForwardingTunnels.set(tunnelId, tunnelState);
           sendStatus('active');
           settled = true;
           resolve({ tunnelId, success: true });
@@ -273,20 +439,20 @@ async function startPortForward(event, payload) {
           console.error(`[PortForward] SOCKS server error:`, err.message);
           sendStatus('error', err.message);
           conn.end();
-          portForwardingTunnels.delete(tunnelId);
           settled = true;
           reject(err);
         });
 
         server.listen(localPort, bindAddress, () => {
           console.log(`[PortForward] Dynamic SOCKS5 proxy active on ${bindAddress}:${localPort}`);
-          portForwardingTunnels.set(tunnelId, {
-            type: 'dynamic',
-            conn,
-            server,
-            status: 'active',
-            webContentsId: sender.id
-          });
+          tunnelState.type = 'dynamic';
+          tunnelState.conn = conn;
+          tunnelState.server = server;
+          tunnelState.chainConnections = chainConnections;
+          tunnelState.status = 'active';
+          tunnelState.webContentsId = sender.id;
+          tunnelState.pendingConn = null;
+          portForwardingTunnels.set(tunnelId, tunnelState);
           sendStatus('active');
           settled = true;
           resolve({ tunnelId, success: true });
@@ -297,10 +463,11 @@ async function startPortForward(event, payload) {
       }
     });
 
-    conn.once('error', (err) => {
+    conn.on('error', (err) => {
       console.error(`[PortForward] SSH error:`, err.message);
+      if (settled) return;
       sendStatus('error', err.message);
-      portForwardingTunnels.delete(tunnelId);
+      cleanupChainConnections(chainConnections);
       settled = true;
       reject(err);
     });
@@ -314,6 +481,12 @@ async function startPortForward(event, payload) {
         if (tunnel.server) {
           try { tunnel.server.close(); } catch { }
         }
+        if (Array.isArray(tunnel.chainConnections)) {
+          cleanupChainConnections(tunnel.chainConnections);
+        }
+        if (tunnel.pendingConn) {
+          try { tunnel.pendingConn.end(); } catch { /* ignore */ }
+        }
         sendStatus('inactive');
         portForwardingTunnels.delete(tunnelId);
       }
@@ -329,18 +502,6 @@ async function startPortForward(event, payload) {
       }
     });
 
-    sendStatus('connecting');
-    // Register the connection BEFORE the handshake starts so that
-    // stopPortForwardByRuleId can find and kill it at any point,
-    // including during the SSH handshake window.  The conn.on('ready')
-    // handler updates the entry to include the server object later.
-    portForwardingTunnels.set(tunnelId, {
-      type,
-      conn,
-      server: null,
-      status: 'connecting',
-      webContentsId: sender.id,
-    });
     conn.connect(connectOpts);
   });
 }
@@ -363,6 +524,10 @@ async function stopPortForward(event, payload) {
     if (tunnel.server) {
       tunnel.server.close();
     }
+    if (tunnel.pendingConn) {
+      tunnel.pendingConn.end();
+    }
+    cleanupChainConnections(tunnel.chainConnections);
     if (tunnel.conn) {
       tunnel.conn.end();
     }
@@ -417,6 +582,10 @@ function stopAllPortForwards() {
       if (tunnel.server) {
         tunnel.server.close();
       }
+      if (tunnel.pendingConn) {
+        tunnel.pendingConn.end();
+      }
+      cleanupChainConnections(tunnel.chainConnections);
       if (tunnel.conn) {
         tunnel.conn.end();
       }
@@ -446,6 +615,8 @@ function stopPortForwardByRuleId(_event, { ruleId }) {
         // close handler resolves gracefully instead of rejecting.
         tunnel.cancelled = true;
         if (tunnel.server) tunnel.server.close();
+        if (tunnel.pendingConn) tunnel.pendingConn.end();
+        cleanupChainConnections(tunnel.chainConnections);
         if (tunnel.conn) tunnel.conn.end();
         // Don't delete here — let the conn.on('close') handler delete
         // the entry so it can read tunnel.cancelled first.

electron/bridges/proxyUtils.cjs

@@ -15,9 +15,12 @@ const net = require("node:net");
  * @param {string} [proxy.password] - Optional password for auth
  * @param {string} targetHost - Target host to connect through proxy
  * @param {number} targetPort - Target port to connect through proxy
+ * @param {Object} [options]
+ * @param {(socket: net.Socket) => void} [options.onSocket] - Called immediately with the underlying socket
  * @returns {Promise<net.Socket>} Connected socket through proxy
  */
-function createProxySocket(proxy, targetHost, targetPort) {
+function createProxySocket(proxy, targetHost, targetPort, options = {}) {
+    const { onSocket } = options;
     return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
         if (proxy.type === 'http') {
             // HTTP CONNECT proxy
@@ -45,6 +48,7 @@ function createProxySocket(proxy, targetHost, targetPort) {
                 };
                 socket.on('data', onData);
             });
+            try { onSocket?.(socket); } catch { /* ignore */ }
             socket.on('error', reject);
         } else if (proxy.type === 'socks5') {
             // SOCKS5 proxy
@@ -123,6 +127,7 @@ function createProxySocket(proxy, targetHost, targetPort) {
 
                 socket.on('data', onData);
             });
+            try { onSocket?.(socket); } catch { /* ignore */ }
             socket.on('error', reject);
         } else {
             reject(new Error(`Unknown proxy type: ${proxy.type}`));

electron/bridges/sftpBridge.cjs

@@ -22,12 +22,14 @@ try {
 const { NetcattyAgent } = require("./netcattyAgent.cjs");
 const fileWatcherBridge = require("./fileWatcherBridge.cjs");
 const keyboardInteractiveHandler = require("./keyboardInteractiveHandler.cjs");
+const passphraseHandler = require("./passphraseHandler.cjs");
 const { createProxySocket } = require("./proxyUtils.cjs");
 const {
   buildAuthHandler,
   createKeyboardInteractiveHandler,
   applyAuthToConnOpts,
   safeSend: authSafeSend,
+  isKeyEncrypted,
   findAllDefaultPrivateKeys: findAllDefaultPrivateKeysFromHelper,
   getAvailableAgentSocket,
 } = require("./sshAuthHelper.cjs");
@@ -225,6 +227,11 @@ const requireSftpChannel = async (client) => {
   return sftp;
 };
 
+const realpathAsync = (sftp, targetPath) =>
+  new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    sftp.realpath(targetPath, (err, absPath) => (err ? reject(err) : resolve(absPath)));
+  });
+
 const statAsync = (sftp, targetPath) =>
   new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     sftp.stat(targetPath, (err, stats) => (err ? reject(err) : resolve(stats)));
@@ -425,6 +432,18 @@ function init(deps) {
   electronModule = deps.electronModule;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Send SFTP connection progress to the renderer for user-visible logging
+ */
+function sendSftpProgress(sender, sessionId, label, status, detail) {
+  try {
+    if (!sender || sender.isDestroyed()) return;
+    sender.send("netcatty:sftp:connection-progress", { sessionId, label, status, detail });
+  } catch {
+    // Ignore destroyed webContents
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Connect through a chain of jump hosts for SFTP
  */
@@ -439,9 +458,10 @@ async function connectThroughChainForSftp(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost,
       const jump = jumpHosts[i];
       const isFirst = i === 0;
       const isLast = i === jumpHosts.length - 1;
-      const hopLabel = jump.label || `${jump.hostname}:${jump.port || 22}`;
+      const hopLabel = jump.label || (jump.hostname.includes(':') && !jump.hostname.startsWith('[') ? `[${jump.hostname}]:${jump.port || 22}` : `${jump.hostname}:${jump.port || 22}`);
 
       console.log(`[SFTP Chain] Hop ${i + 1}/${jumpHosts.length}: Connecting to ${hopLabel}...`);
+      sendSftpProgress(sender, connId, hopLabel, 'connecting');
 
       const conn = new SSHClient();
       // Increase max listeners to prevent Node.js warning
@@ -480,7 +500,59 @@ async function connectThroughChainForSftp(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost,
         connOpts.agent = authAgent;
       } else if (jump.privateKey) {
         connOpts.privateKey = jump.privateKey;
-        if (jump.passphrase) connOpts.passphrase = jump.passphrase;
+        if (jump.passphrase) {
+          connOpts.passphrase = jump.passphrase;
+        } else if (isKeyEncrypted(jump.privateKey)) {
+          // Key is encrypted but no passphrase provided — prompt the user
+          console.log(`[SFTP Chain] Hop ${i + 1}: key is encrypted, requesting passphrase`);
+          const keyLabel = jump.label || hopLabel;
+          const result = await passphraseHandler.requestPassphrase(
+            sender,
+            `SSH key for ${keyLabel}`,
+            keyLabel,
+            hopLabel
+          );
+          if (result?.passphrase) {
+            connOpts.passphrase = result.passphrase;
+          } else {
+            delete connOpts.privateKey;
+            if (result?.cancelled) {
+              throw new Error(`Passphrase entry cancelled for ${hopLabel}`);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Read identity files from local paths (e.g. from SSH config IdentityFile)
+      if (!connOpts.privateKey && !connOpts.agent && jump.identityFilePaths?.length > 0) {
+        for (const keyPath of jump.identityFilePaths) {
+          try {
+            const resolvedPath = keyPath.startsWith("~/")
+              ? path.join(os.homedir(), keyPath.slice(2))
+              : keyPath;
+            const keyContent = await fs.promises.readFile(resolvedPath, "utf8");
+            connOpts.privateKey = keyContent;
+            if (isKeyEncrypted(keyContent)) {
+              console.log(`[SFTP Chain] Hop ${i + 1}: identity file ${resolvedPath} is encrypted, requesting passphrase`);
+              const result = await passphraseHandler.requestPassphrase(
+                sender,
+                resolvedPath,
+                path.basename(resolvedPath),
+                hopLabel
+              );
+              if (result?.passphrase) {
+                connOpts.passphrase = result.passphrase;
+              } else {
+                delete connOpts.privateKey;
+                continue;
+              }
+            }
+            console.log(`[SFTP Chain] Hop ${i + 1}: loaded identity file ${resolvedPath}`);
+            break;
+          } catch (err) {
+            console.warn(`[SFTP Chain] Hop ${i + 1}: failed to read identity file ${keyPath}:`, err.message);
+          }
+        }
       }
 
       if (jump.password) connOpts.password = jump.password;
@@ -500,12 +572,17 @@ async function connectThroughChainForSftp(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost,
         unlockedEncryptedKeys: options._unlockedEncryptedKeys || [],
         defaultKeys,
         sshAgentSocketOverride: agentSocket,
+        onAuthAttempt: (method) => {
+          sendSftpProgress(sender, connId, hopLabel, 'auth-attempt', method);
+        },
       });
       applyAuthToConnOpts(connOpts, authConfig);
 
       // If first hop and proxy is configured, connect through proxy
-      if (isFirst && options.proxy) {
-        currentSocket = await createProxySocket(options.proxy, jump.hostname, jump.port || 22);
+      const hasUsableJumpProxy = !!(jump.proxy?.host && jump.proxy?.port);
+      const effectiveHopProxy = isFirst ? ((hasUsableJumpProxy ? jump.proxy : null) || options.proxy) : null;
+      if (effectiveHopProxy) {
+        currentSocket = await createProxySocket(effectiveHopProxy, jump.hostname, jump.port || 22);
         connOpts.sock = currentSocket;
         delete connOpts.host;
         delete connOpts.port;
@@ -518,8 +595,12 @@ async function connectThroughChainForSftp(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost,
 
       // Connect this hop
       await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+        conn.once('handshake', () => {
+          sendSftpProgress(sender, connId, hopLabel, 'authenticating');
+        });
         conn.once('ready', () => {
           console.log(`[SFTP Chain] Hop ${i + 1}/${jumpHosts.length}: ${hopLabel} connected`);
+          sendSftpProgress(sender, connId, hopLabel, 'connected');
           resolve();
         });
         conn.on('error', (err) => {
@@ -529,6 +610,7 @@ async function connectThroughChainForSftp(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost,
             return;
           }
           console.error(`[SFTP Chain] Hop ${i + 1}/${jumpHosts.length}: ${hopLabel} error:`, err.message);
+          sendSftpProgress(sender, connId, hopLabel, 'error', err.message);
           reject(err);
         });
         conn.once('timeout', () => {
@@ -536,13 +618,23 @@ async function connectThroughChainForSftp(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost,
           reject(new Error(`Connection timeout to ${hopLabel}`));
         });
         // Handle keyboard-interactive authentication for jump hosts (2FA/MFA)
-        conn.on('keyboard-interactive', createKeyboardInteractiveHandler({
+        const sftpChainKiHandler = createKeyboardInteractiveHandler({
           sender,
           sessionId: connId,
           hostname: hopLabel,
           password: jump.password,
           logPrefix: `[SFTP Chain] Hop ${i + 1}/${jumpHosts.length}`,
-        }));
+        });
+        conn.on('keyboard-interactive', (name, instructions, lang, prompts, finish) => {
+          if (prompts && prompts.length > 0) {
+            sendSftpProgress(sender, connId, hopLabel, 'auth-attempt', 'waiting for user input...');
+          }
+          const wrappedFinish = (...args) => {
+            sendSftpProgress(sender, connId, hopLabel, 'auth-attempt', 'user responded');
+            finish(...args);
+          };
+          sftpChainKiHandler(name, instructions, lang, prompts, wrappedFinish);
+        });
         conn.connect(connOpts);
       });
 
@@ -901,7 +993,69 @@ async function openSftp(event, options) {
     connectOpts.agent = authAgent;
   } else if (options.privateKey) {
     connectOpts.privateKey = options.privateKey;
-    if (options.passphrase) connectOpts.passphrase = options.passphrase;
+    if (options.passphrase) {
+      connectOpts.passphrase = options.passphrase;
+    } else if (isKeyEncrypted(options.privateKey)) {
+      // Key is encrypted but no passphrase provided — prompt the user
+      console.log(`[SFTP] Key is encrypted, requesting passphrase for ${options.hostname}`);
+      const result = await passphraseHandler.requestPassphrase(
+        event.sender,
+        `SSH key for ${options.hostname}`,
+        options.hostname,
+        options.hostname
+      );
+      if (result?.passphrase) {
+        connectOpts.passphrase = result.passphrase;
+      } else {
+        delete connectOpts.privateKey;
+        if (result?.cancelled) {
+          // Clean up any chain/proxy connections and proxy socket opened earlier
+          for (const c of chainConnections) {
+            try { c.end(); } catch {}
+          }
+          if (connectionSocket) {
+            try { connectionSocket.destroy(); } catch {}
+          }
+          // Use "authentication" in the message so the SFTP frontend's
+          // isAuthError() check recognizes this and falls back to password.
+          const err = new Error(`Authentication cancelled — passphrase not provided for ${options.hostname}`);
+          err.level = 'client-authentication';
+          throw err;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Read identity files from local paths (e.g. from SSH config IdentityFile)
+  if (!connectOpts.privateKey && !connectOpts.agent && options.identityFilePaths?.length > 0) {
+    for (const keyPath of options.identityFilePaths) {
+      try {
+        const resolvedPath = keyPath.startsWith("~/")
+          ? path.join(os.homedir(), keyPath.slice(2))
+          : keyPath;
+        const keyContent = await fs.promises.readFile(resolvedPath, "utf8");
+        connectOpts.privateKey = keyContent;
+        if (isKeyEncrypted(keyContent)) {
+          console.log(`[SFTP] Identity file ${resolvedPath} is encrypted, requesting passphrase`);
+          const result = await passphraseHandler.requestPassphrase(
+            event.sender,
+            resolvedPath,
+            path.basename(resolvedPath),
+            options.hostname
+          );
+          if (result?.passphrase) {
+            connectOpts.passphrase = result.passphrase;
+          } else {
+            delete connectOpts.privateKey;
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
+        console.log(`[SFTP] Loaded identity file ${resolvedPath}`);
+        break;
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.warn(`[SFTP] Failed to read identity file ${keyPath}:`, err.message);
+      }
+    }
   }
 
   if (options.password) connectOpts.password = options.password;
@@ -917,6 +1071,9 @@ async function openSftp(event, options) {
     logPrefix: "[SFTP]",
     defaultKeys,
     sshAgentSocketOverride: agentSocket,
+    onAuthAttempt: (method) => {
+      sendSftpProgress(event.sender, connId, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', method);
+    },
   });
   applyAuthToConnOpts(connectOpts, authConfig);
 
@@ -930,7 +1087,17 @@ async function openSftp(event, options) {
   });
 
   // Add keyboard-interactive listener BEFORE connecting
-  client.on("keyboard-interactive", kiHandler);
+  // Wrap to emit progress events for the SFTP connection log
+  client.on("keyboard-interactive", (name, instructions, lang, prompts, finish) => {
+    if (prompts && prompts.length > 0) {
+      sendSftpProgress(event.sender, connId, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', 'waiting for user input...');
+    }
+    const wrappedFinish = (...args) => {
+      sendSftpProgress(event.sender, connId, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', 'user responded');
+      finish(...args);
+    };
+    kiHandler(name, instructions, lang, prompts, wrappedFinish);
+  });
 
   // Increase timeout to allow for keyboard-interactive auth
   connectOpts.readyTimeout = 120000; // 2 minutes for 2FA input
@@ -978,14 +1145,24 @@ async function openSftp(event, options) {
         sshClient.removeListener('error', onError);
         sshClient.removeListener('end', onEnd);
         sshClient.removeListener('close', onClose);
+        // Keep a catch-all error listener so post-ready errors (e.g. connection
+        // drops during an active SFTP session) don't become uncaught exceptions.
+        sshClient.on('error', (err) => {
+          console.error(`[SFTP] Post-ready SSH error for ${connId}:`, err.message);
+        });
       };
 
       sshClient.on('error', onError);
       sshClient.on('end', onEnd);
       sshClient.on('close', onClose);
 
+      sshClient.once('handshake', () => {
+        sendSftpProgress(event.sender, connId, options.hostname, 'authenticating');
+      });
+
       sshClient.once('ready', () => {
         cleanup();
+        sendSftpProgress(event.sender, connId, options.hostname, 'connected');
 
         if (options.sudo) {
           console.log(`[SFTP] Using sudo mode for connection: ${connId}`);
@@ -1028,6 +1205,7 @@ async function openSftp(event, options) {
         }
       });
 
+      sendSftpProgress(event.sender, connId, options.hostname, 'connecting');
       try {
         sshClient.connect(connectOpts);
       } catch (e) {
@@ -1586,6 +1764,62 @@ async function chmodSftp(event, payload) {
   return true;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Resolve the remote user's home directory.
+ * Strategy: exec `echo ~` via SSH, fallback to SFTP realpath('.').
+ */
+async function getSftpHomeDir(_event, payload) {
+  const { sftpId } = payload;
+  const client = sftpClients.get(sftpId);
+  if (!client) return { success: false, error: "SFTP session not found" };
+
+  // Method 1: SSH exec `echo ~` (with 5s timeout to avoid hanging on
+  // hosts with blocking shell init scripts or forced commands)
+  const sshClient = client.client;
+  if (sshClient && typeof sshClient.exec === "function") {
+    let execStream = null;
+    try {
+      const execPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+        sshClient.exec("echo ~", (err, stream) => {
+          if (err) return reject(err);
+          execStream = stream;
+          let stdout = "";
+          stream.on("close", (code) => resolve({ stdout, code }));
+          stream.on("data", (data) => { stdout += data.toString(); });
+          stream.stderr.on("data", () => {});
+        });
+      });
+      const result = await Promise.race([
+        execPromise,
+        new Promise((_, reject) => setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("timeout")), 5000)),
+      ]);
+      const home = result.stdout?.trim();
+      if (home && home.startsWith("/")) {
+        return { success: true, homeDir: home };
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Timeout or error — kill the exec channel if still open
+      try { execStream?.close?.(); } catch {}
+      try { execStream?.destroy?.(); } catch {}
+      // Fall through to SFTP realpath
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Method 2: SFTP realpath('.') — skip if result is '/' for non-root users
+  // because some SFTP servers start in '/' rather than the user's home
+  try {
+    const sftp = await requireSftpChannel(client);
+    const absPath = await realpathAsync(sftp, ".");
+    if (absPath && absPath !== "/") {
+      return { success: true, homeDir: absPath };
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // ignore
+  }
+
+  return { success: false, error: "Could not determine home directory" };
+}
+
 /**
  * Register IPC handlers for SFTP operations
  */
@@ -1604,6 +1838,7 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
   ipcMain.handle("netcatty:sftp:rename", renameSftp);
   ipcMain.handle("netcatty:sftp:stat", statSftp);
   ipcMain.handle("netcatty:sftp:chmod", chmodSftp);
+  ipcMain.handle("netcatty:sftp:homeDir", getSftpHomeDir);
 }
 
 /**

electron/bridges/sshAuthHelper.cjs

@@ -11,7 +11,20 @@ const keyboardInteractiveHandler = require("./keyboardInteractiveHandler.cjs");
 const passphraseHandler = require("./passphraseHandler.cjs");
 
 // Default SSH key names in priority order
-const DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES = ["id_ed25519", "id_ecdsa", "id_rsa"];
+const PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES = ["id_ed25519", "id_ecdsa", "id_rsa"];
+const SSH_KEY_PATTERN = /^id_[\w-]+$/;
+
+/**
+ * Quick check if file content looks like an SSH private key.
+ * Rejects non-key files that happen to match the id_* filename pattern.
+ */
+function looksLikePrivateKey(content) {
+  if (!content || typeof content !== "string") return false;
+  const trimmed = content.trimStart();
+  return trimmed.startsWith("-----BEGIN") ||
+    trimmed.startsWith("openssh-key-v1") ||
+    trimmed.startsWith("PuTTY-User-Key-File");
+}
 
 /**
  * Check if an SSH private key is encrypted (requires passphrase)
@@ -21,6 +34,13 @@ const DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES = ["id_ed25519", "id_ecdsa", "id_rsa"];
 function isKeyEncrypted(keyContent) {
   if (!keyContent || typeof keyContent !== "string") return false;
 
+  // Check for PuTTY PPK encrypted format (Encryption: aes256-cbc, etc.)
+  // PPK keys with "Encryption: none" are unencrypted
+  const ppkEncMatch = keyContent.match(/^Encryption:\s*(.+)$/m);
+  if (ppkEncMatch && ppkEncMatch[1].trim() !== "none") {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   // Check for PKCS#8 encrypted format (-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----)
   if (keyContent.includes("-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----")) {
     return true;
@@ -73,14 +93,25 @@ function isKeyEncrypted(keyContent) {
  */
 async function findDefaultPrivateKey() {
   const sshDir = path.join(os.homedir(), ".ssh");
-  for (const name of DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES) {
+  let allNames = [];
+  try {
+    const entries = await fs.promises.readdir(sshDir);
+    allNames = entries.filter(f => SSH_KEY_PATTERN.test(f));
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const preferred = PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES.filter(n => allNames.includes(n));
+  const rest = allNames.filter(n => !PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES.includes(n)).sort();
+  const sorted = [...preferred, ...rest];
+
+  for (const name of sorted) {
     const keyPath = path.join(sshDir, name);
     try {
-      await fs.promises.access(keyPath, fs.constants.F_OK);
+      const stat = await fs.promises.stat(keyPath);
+      if (!stat.isFile()) continue; // Skip directories, FIFOs, sockets, etc.
       const privateKey = await fs.promises.readFile(keyPath, "utf8");
-      if (isKeyEncrypted(privateKey)) {
-        continue;
-      }
+      if (!looksLikePrivateKey(privateKey)) continue;
+      if (isKeyEncrypted(privateKey)) continue;
       return { privateKey, keyPath, keyName: name };
     } catch {
       continue;
@@ -99,11 +130,24 @@ async function findAllDefaultPrivateKeys(options = {}) {
   const { includeEncrypted = false } = options;
   const sshDir = path.join(os.homedir(), ".ssh");
 
-  const promises = DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES.map(async (name) => {
+  let allNames = [];
+  try {
+    const entries = await fs.promises.readdir(sshDir);
+    allNames = entries.filter(f => SSH_KEY_PATTERN.test(f));
+  } catch {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const preferred = PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES.filter(n => allNames.includes(n));
+  const rest = allNames.filter(n => !PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES.includes(n)).sort();
+  const sorted = [...preferred, ...rest];
+
+  const promises = sorted.map(async (name) => {
     const keyPath = path.join(sshDir, name);
     try {
-      await fs.promises.access(keyPath, fs.constants.F_OK);
+      const stat = await fs.promises.stat(keyPath);
+      if (!stat.isFile()) return null;
       const privateKey = await fs.promises.readFile(keyPath, "utf8");
+      if (!looksLikePrivateKey(privateKey)) return null;
       const encrypted = isKeyEncrypted(privateKey);
       if (encrypted && !includeEncrypted) {
         return null;
@@ -213,7 +257,7 @@ async function getAvailableAgentSocket() {
 * @param {Array} [options.unlockedEncryptedKeys] - Array of unlocked encrypted keys with passphrases
  */
 function buildAuthHandler(options) {
-  const { privateKey, password, passphrase, agent, username, logPrefix = "[SSH]", unlockedEncryptedKeys = [], defaultKeys = [], sshAgentSocketOverride } = options;
+  const { privateKey, password, passphrase, agent, username, logPrefix = "[SSH]", unlockedEncryptedKeys = [], defaultKeys = [], sshAgentSocketOverride, onAuthAttempt } = options;
 
   // Determine what type of explicit auth the user configured
   const hasExplicitKey = !!privateKey;
@@ -259,7 +303,7 @@ function buildAuthHandler(options) {
 
   // If only simple auth methods and no fallback keys needed, use array-based handler
   if (hasExplicitAuth && !hasFallbackOptions) {
-    const authMethods = [];
+    const authMethods = ["none"]; // Always try none first per RFC 4252
     if (effectiveAgent) authMethods.push("agent");
     if (privateKey) authMethods.push("publickey");
     if (password) authMethods.push("password");
@@ -380,11 +424,29 @@ function buildAuthHandler(options) {
 
   // Use dynamic authHandler to try all keys
   let authIndex = 0;
+  let lastAttemptedLabel = null;
   const attemptedMethodIds = new Set();
 
+  let triedNone = false;
+
   const authHandler = (methodsLeft, partialSuccess, callback) => {
+    // Per RFC 4252, always try "none" first to discover available methods
+    // and to support passwordless login (e.g. embedded devices).
+    // This matches the behavior of OpenSSH and Tabby.
+    if (methodsLeft === null && !triedNone) {
+      triedNone = true;
+      lastAttemptedLabel = "none (no credentials)";
+      onAuthAttempt?.("none (no credentials)");
+      return callback("none");
+    }
+
     const availableMethods = methodsLeft || ["publickey", "password", "keyboard-interactive", "agent"];
 
+    // Log rejection of previous method (authHandler is called again when server rejects)
+    if (lastAttemptedLabel && !partialSuccess) {
+      onAuthAttempt?.(`${lastAttemptedLabel} rejected`);
+    }
+
     while (authIndex < authMethods.length) {
       const method = authMethods[authIndex];
       authIndex++;
@@ -394,9 +456,21 @@ function buildAuthHandler(options) {
 
       if (method.type === "agent" && (availableMethods.includes("publickey") || availableMethods.includes("agent"))) {
         console.log(`${logPrefix} Trying agent auth`);
+        lastAttemptedLabel = "SSH agent";
+        onAuthAttempt?.("SSH agent");
         return callback("agent");
       } else if (method.type === "publickey" && availableMethods.includes("publickey")) {
         console.log(`${logPrefix} Trying publickey auth:`, method.id);
+        // Build a readable label for the key
+        const keyLabel = method.id.startsWith("publickey-default-")
+          ? `key ${method.id.replace("publickey-default-", "")}`
+          : method.id.startsWith("publickey-encrypted-")
+            ? `key ${method.id.replace("publickey-encrypted-", "")} (encrypted)`
+            : method.id === "publickey-user"
+              ? "configured key"
+              : method.id;
+        lastAttemptedLabel = keyLabel;
+        onAuthAttempt?.(keyLabel);
         const pubkeyAuth = {
           type: "publickey",
           username,
@@ -408,15 +482,20 @@ function buildAuthHandler(options) {
         return callback(pubkeyAuth);
       } else if (method.type === "password" && availableMethods.includes("password")) {
         console.log(`${logPrefix} Trying password auth`);
+        lastAttemptedLabel = "password";
+        onAuthAttempt?.("password");
         return callback({
           type: "password",
           username,
           password,
         });
       } else if (method.type === "keyboard-interactive" && availableMethods.includes("keyboard-interactive")) {
+        lastAttemptedLabel = "keyboard-interactive";
+        onAuthAttempt?.("keyboard-interactive");
         return callback("keyboard-interactive");
       }
     }
+    onAuthAttempt?.("all methods exhausted");
     return callback(false);
   };
 
@@ -577,7 +656,9 @@ async function requestPassphrasesForEncryptedKeys(sender, hostname) {
 }
 
 module.exports = {
-  DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES,
+  PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES,
+  SSH_KEY_PATTERN,
+  looksLikePrivateKey,
   isKeyEncrypted,
   findDefaultPrivateKey,
   findAllDefaultPrivateKeys,

electron/bridges/sshBridge.cjs

@@ -23,9 +23,24 @@ const {
   getSshAgentSocket,
 } = require("./sshAuthHelper.cjs");
 const sessionLogStreamManager = require("./sessionLogStreamManager.cjs");
+const { trackSessionIdlePrompt } = require("./ai/shellUtils.cjs");
 
-// Default SSH key names in priority order
-const DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES = ["id_ed25519", "id_ecdsa", "id_rsa"];
+// Default SSH key names in priority order (preferred keys tried first)
+const PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES = ["id_ed25519", "id_ecdsa", "id_rsa"];
+// Match any private key file: id_* but not *.pub
+const SSH_KEY_PATTERN = /^id_[\w-]+$/;
+
+/**
+ * Quick check if file content looks like an SSH private key.
+ * Rejects non-key files that happen to match the id_* filename pattern.
+ */
+function looksLikePrivateKey(content) {
+  if (!content || typeof content !== "string") return false;
+  const trimmed = content.trimStart();
+  return trimmed.startsWith("-----BEGIN") ||
+    trimmed.startsWith("openssh-key-v1") ||
+    trimmed.startsWith("PuTTY-User-Key-File");
+}
 
 /**
  * Check if an SSH private key is encrypted (requires passphrase)
@@ -33,6 +48,12 @@ const DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES = ["id_ed25519", "id_ecdsa", "id_rsa"];
  * @returns {boolean} - True if the key is encrypted
  */
 function isKeyEncrypted(keyContent) {
+  // Check for PuTTY PPK encrypted format
+  const ppkEncMatch = keyContent.match(/^Encryption:\s*(.+)$/m);
+  if (ppkEncMatch && ppkEncMatch[1].trim() !== "none") {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   // Check for PKCS#8 encrypted format (-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----)
   if (keyContent.includes("-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----")) {
     return true;
@@ -82,14 +103,31 @@ function isKeyEncrypted(keyContent) {
  */
 async function findDefaultPrivateKey() {
   const sshDir = path.join(os.homedir(), ".ssh");
-  log("Searching for default SSH keys", { sshDir, keyNames: DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES });
-  for (const name of DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES) {
+  // Scan ~/.ssh/ for all files matching id_* (same as Tabby/OpenSSH),
+  // with preferred key types tried first
+  let allNames = [];
+  try {
+    const entries = await fs.promises.readdir(sshDir);
+    allNames = entries.filter(f => SSH_KEY_PATTERN.test(f));
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+  // Sort: preferred keys first (in order), then rest alphabetically
+  const preferred = PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES.filter(n => allNames.includes(n));
+  const rest = allNames.filter(n => !PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES.includes(n)).sort();
+  const sorted = [...preferred, ...rest];
+  log("Searching for default SSH keys", { sshDir, found: sorted });
+
+  for (const name of sorted) {
     const keyPath = path.join(sshDir, name);
     try {
-      await fs.promises.access(keyPath, fs.constants.F_OK);
+      const stat = await fs.promises.stat(keyPath);
+      if (!stat.isFile()) continue;
       const privateKey = await fs.promises.readFile(keyPath, "utf8");
-      // Skip encrypted keys - they require a passphrase and would abort
-      // authentication before password/keyboard-interactive can be tried
+      if (!looksLikePrivateKey(privateKey)) {
+        log("Skipping non-key file", { keyPath, keyName: name });
+        continue;
+      }
       const encrypted = isKeyEncrypted(privateKey);
       log("Key file read", { keyPath, keyName: name, encrypted, keyLength: privateKey.length });
       if (encrypted) {
@@ -114,13 +152,28 @@ async function findDefaultPrivateKey() {
  */
 async function findAllDefaultPrivateKeys() {
   const sshDir = path.join(os.homedir(), ".ssh");
-  log("Searching for ALL default SSH keys", { sshDir, keyNames: DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES });
+  let allNames = [];
+  try {
+    const entries = await fs.promises.readdir(sshDir);
+    allNames = entries.filter(f => SSH_KEY_PATTERN.test(f));
+  } catch {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const preferred = PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES.filter(n => allNames.includes(n));
+  const rest = allNames.filter(n => !PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES.includes(n)).sort();
+  const sorted = [...preferred, ...rest];
+  log("Searching for ALL default SSH keys", { sshDir, found: sorted });
 
-  const promises = DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES.map(async (name) => {
+  const promises = sorted.map(async (name) => {
     const keyPath = path.join(sshDir, name);
     try {
-      await fs.promises.access(keyPath, fs.constants.F_OK);
+      const stat = await fs.promises.stat(keyPath);
+      if (!stat.isFile()) return null;
       const privateKey = await fs.promises.readFile(keyPath, "utf8");
+      if (!looksLikePrivateKey(privateKey)) {
+        log("Skipping non-key file", { keyPath, keyName: name });
+        return null;
+      }
       const encrypted = isKeyEncrypted(privateKey);
       if (!encrypted) {
         log("Found default key for fallback", { keyPath, keyName: name });
@@ -330,12 +383,12 @@ function init(deps) {
  */
 async function connectThroughChain(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost, targetPort, sessionId) {
   const sender = event.sender;
-  const connections = [];
+  const connections = options?._connectionsRef || [];
   let currentSocket = null;
 
-  const sendProgress = (hop, total, label, status) => {
+  const sendProgress = (hop, total, label, status, error) => {
     if (!sender.isDestroyed()) {
-      sender.send("netcatty:chain:progress", { hop, total, label, status });
+      sender.send("netcatty:chain:progress", { sessionId, hop, total, label, status, error });
     }
   };
 
@@ -347,11 +400,15 @@ async function connectThroughChain(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost, target
       const jump = jumpHosts[i];
       const isFirst = i === 0;
       const isLast = i === jumpHosts.length - 1;
-      const hopLabel = jump.label || `${jump.hostname}:${jump.port || 22}`;
+      const hopLabel = jump.label || (jump.hostname.includes(':') && !jump.hostname.startsWith('[') ? `[${jump.hostname}]:${jump.port || 22}` : `${jump.hostname}:${jump.port || 22}`);
 
       sendProgress(i + 1, totalHops + 1, hopLabel, 'connecting');
 
       const conn = new SSHClient();
+      if (options?._tunnelRef) {
+        options._tunnelRef.pendingConn = conn;
+        options._tunnelRef.chainConnections = connections;
+      }
 
       // Build connection options
       const connOpts = {
@@ -387,7 +444,64 @@ async function connectThroughChain(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost, target
         connOpts.agent = authAgent;
       } else if (jump.privateKey) {
         connOpts.privateKey = jump.privateKey;
-        if (jump.passphrase) connOpts.passphrase = jump.passphrase;
+        if (jump.passphrase) {
+          connOpts.passphrase = jump.passphrase;
+        } else if (isKeyEncrypted(jump.privateKey)) {
+          // Key is encrypted but no passphrase provided — prompt the user
+          console.log(`[Chain] Hop ${i + 1}: key is encrypted, requesting passphrase`);
+          sendProgress(i + 1, totalHops + 1, hopLabel, 'auth-attempt', 'passphrase required');
+          const keyLabel = jump.label || hopLabel;
+          const result = await passphraseHandler.requestPassphrase(
+            sender,
+            `SSH key for ${keyLabel}`,
+            keyLabel,
+            hopLabel
+          );
+          if (result?.passphrase) {
+            connOpts.passphrase = result.passphrase;
+          } else {
+            // No passphrase (cancelled/skipped/timeout) — remove the encrypted
+            // key so buildAuthHandler won't try it and stall auth.
+            delete connOpts.privateKey;
+            if (result?.cancelled) {
+              throw new Error(`Passphrase entry cancelled for ${hopLabel}`);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Read identity files from local paths (e.g. from SSH config IdentityFile)
+      if (!connOpts.privateKey && !connOpts.agent && jump.identityFilePaths?.length > 0) {
+        for (const keyPath of jump.identityFilePaths) {
+          try {
+            const resolvedPath = keyPath.startsWith("~/")
+              ? path.join(os.homedir(), keyPath.slice(2))
+              : keyPath;
+            const keyContent = await fs.promises.readFile(resolvedPath, "utf8");
+            connOpts.privateKey = keyContent;
+            if (isKeyEncrypted(keyContent)) {
+              console.log(`[Chain] Hop ${i + 1}: identity file ${resolvedPath} is encrypted, requesting passphrase`);
+              sendProgress(i + 1, totalHops + 1, hopLabel, 'auth-attempt', 'passphrase required');
+              const result = await passphraseHandler.requestPassphrase(
+                sender,
+                resolvedPath,
+                path.basename(resolvedPath),
+                hopLabel
+              );
+              if (result?.passphrase) {
+                connOpts.passphrase = result.passphrase;
+              } else {
+                // Cancelled/skipped/timeout — clear encrypted key, try next file
+                delete connOpts.privateKey;
+                continue;
+              }
+            }
+            console.log(`[Chain] Hop ${i + 1}: loaded identity file ${resolvedPath}`);
+            break;
+          } catch (err) {
+            console.warn(`[Chain] Hop ${i + 1}: failed to read identity file ${keyPath}:`, err.message);
+          }
+        }
       }
 
       if (jump.password) connOpts.password = jump.password;
@@ -406,12 +520,28 @@ async function connectThroughChain(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost, target
         logPrefix: `[Chain] Hop ${i + 1}`,
         unlockedEncryptedKeys: options._unlockedEncryptedKeys || [],
         defaultKeys,
+        onAuthAttempt: (method) => {
+          sendProgress(i + 1, totalHops + 1, hopLabel, 'auth-attempt', method);
+        },
       });
       applyAuthToConnOpts(connOpts, authConfig);
 
       // If first hop and proxy is configured, connect through proxy
-      if (isFirst && options.proxy) {
-        currentSocket = await createProxySocket(options.proxy, jump.hostname, jump.port || 22);
+      const hasUsableJumpProxy = !!(jump.proxy?.host && jump.proxy?.port);
+      const effectiveHopProxy = isFirst ? ((hasUsableJumpProxy ? jump.proxy : null) || options.proxy) : null;
+      if (effectiveHopProxy) {
+        currentSocket = await createProxySocket(effectiveHopProxy, jump.hostname, jump.port || 22, {
+          onSocket: (socket) => {
+            if (options?._tunnelRef) {
+              options._tunnelRef.pendingConn = socket;
+              options._tunnelRef.chainConnections = connections;
+            }
+          },
+        });
+        if (options?._tunnelRef) {
+          options._tunnelRef.pendingConn = null;
+          options._tunnelRef.chainConnections = connections;
+        }
         connOpts.sock = currentSocket;
         delete connOpts.host;
         delete connOpts.port;
@@ -424,28 +554,48 @@ async function connectThroughChain(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost, target
 
       // Connect this hop
       await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+        conn.once('handshake', () => {
+          console.log(`[Chain] Hop ${i + 1}/${totalHops}: ${hopLabel} handshake complete`);
+          sendProgress(i + 1, totalHops + 1, hopLabel, 'authenticating');
+        });
         conn.once('ready', () => {
           console.log(`[Chain] Hop ${i + 1}/${totalHops}: ${hopLabel} connected`);
           sendProgress(i + 1, totalHops + 1, hopLabel, 'connected');
+          if (options?._tunnelRef) {
+            options._tunnelRef.pendingConn = null;
+            options._tunnelRef.chainConnections = connections;
+          }
           resolve();
         });
         conn.once('error', (err) => {
           console.error(`[Chain] Hop ${i + 1}/${totalHops}: ${hopLabel} error:`, err.message);
-          sendProgress(i + 1, totalHops + 1, hopLabel, 'error');
+          sendProgress(i + 1, totalHops + 1, hopLabel, 'error', err.message);
           reject(err);
         });
         conn.once('timeout', () => {
           console.error(`[Chain] Hop ${i + 1}/${totalHops}: ${hopLabel} timeout`);
-          reject(new Error(`Connection timeout to ${hopLabel}`));
+          const errMsg = `Connection timeout to ${hopLabel}`;
+          sendProgress(i + 1, totalHops + 1, hopLabel, 'error', errMsg);
+          reject(new Error(errMsg));
         });
         // Handle keyboard-interactive authentication for jump hosts (2FA/MFA)
-        conn.on('keyboard-interactive', createKeyboardInteractiveHandler({
+        const chainKiHandler = createKeyboardInteractiveHandler({
           sender,
           sessionId,
           hostname: hopLabel,
           password: jump.password,
           logPrefix: `[Chain] Hop ${i + 1}/${totalHops}`,
-        }));
+        });
+        conn.on('keyboard-interactive', (name, instructions, lang, prompts, finish) => {
+          if (prompts && prompts.length > 0) {
+            sendProgress(i + 1, totalHops + 1, hopLabel, 'auth-attempt', 'waiting for user input...');
+          }
+          const wrappedFinish = (...args) => {
+            sendProgress(i + 1, totalHops + 1, hopLabel, 'auth-attempt', 'user responded');
+            finish(...args);
+          };
+          chainKiHandler(name, instructions, lang, prompts, wrappedFinish);
+        });
         console.log(`[Chain] Hop ${i + 1}/${totalHops}: Connecting to ${hopLabel}...`);
         conn.connect(connOpts);
       });
@@ -488,6 +638,10 @@ async function connectThroughChain(event, options, jumpHosts, targetHost, target
       sendProgress
     };
   } catch (err) {
+    if (options?._tunnelRef) {
+      options._tunnelRef.pendingConn = null;
+      options._tunnelRef.chainConnections = connections;
+    }
     // Cleanup on error
     for (const conn of connections) {
       try { conn.end(); } catch { }
@@ -508,9 +662,9 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
   const rows = options.rows || 24;
   const sender = event.sender;
 
-  const sendProgress = (hop, total, label, status) => {
+  const sendProgress = (hop, total, label, status, error) => {
     if (!sender.isDestroyed()) {
-      sender.send("netcatty:chain:progress", { hop, total, label, status });
+      sender.send("netcatty:chain:progress", { sessionId, hop, total, label, status, error });
     }
   };
 
@@ -581,6 +735,41 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
       }
     }
 
+    // Read identity files from local paths (e.g. from SSH config IdentityFile)
+    // Only if no explicit key was already configured
+    if (!connectOpts.privateKey && !connectOpts.agent && options.identityFilePaths?.length > 0) {
+      for (const keyPath of options.identityFilePaths) {
+        try {
+          const resolvedPath = keyPath.startsWith("~/")
+            ? path.join(os.homedir(), keyPath.slice(2))
+            : keyPath;
+          const keyContent = await fs.promises.readFile(resolvedPath, "utf8");
+          connectOpts.privateKey = keyContent;
+          // Check if key is encrypted — if so, prompt for passphrase
+          if (isKeyEncrypted(keyContent)) {
+            log("Identity file is encrypted, requesting passphrase", { keyPath: resolvedPath });
+            const result = await passphraseHandler.requestPassphrase(
+              sender,
+              resolvedPath,
+              path.basename(resolvedPath),
+              options.hostname
+            );
+            if (result?.passphrase) {
+              connectOpts.passphrase = result.passphrase;
+            } else {
+              // Cancelled/skipped/timeout — clear encrypted key, try next file
+              delete connectOpts.privateKey;
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          log("Loaded identity file", { keyPath: resolvedPath, encrypted: isKeyEncrypted(keyContent) });
+          break; // Use the first successfully loaded key
+        } catch (err) {
+          log("Failed to read identity file", { keyPath, error: err.message });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
     if (options.password && typeof options.password === "string" && options.password.trim().length > 0) {
       connectOpts.password = options.password;
     }
@@ -659,7 +848,7 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
     let lastTriedMethod = null;
 
     if (authAgent) {
-      const order = ["agent"];
+      const order = ["none", "agent"];
       if (connectOpts.password) order.push("password");
       // Add default key fallback if available and no user key configured
       // Must also set connectOpts.privateKey for ssh2 to actually try publickey auth
@@ -737,8 +926,9 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
         }
       }
 
-      // Use dynamic authHandler if we have multiple auth options
-      if (authMethods.length > 1) {
+      // Always use dynamic authHandler to ensure consistent "none" probing
+      // and auth method logging regardless of how many methods are configured
+      if (authMethods.length >= 1) {
         let authIndex = 0;
         // Track methods that have been attempted (to avoid re-trying on failure)
         // This prevents reusing the same key when server requires multiple publickey auth steps
@@ -752,6 +942,22 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
         connectOpts.authHandler = (methodsLeft, partialSuccess, callback) => {
           log("authHandler called", { methodsLeft, partialSuccess, authIndex, attemptedMethodIds: Array.from(attemptedMethodIds) });
 
+          // Log rejection of previous method
+          if (lastTriedMethod && !partialSuccess) {
+            sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', `${lastTriedMethod} rejected`);
+          }
+
+          // On the very first call (methodsLeft === null), try "none" auth.
+          // Per RFC 4252, the "none" request is how the client discovers which
+          // methods the server supports.  It also allows passwordless login on
+          // embedded devices.  This matches the behavior of OpenSSH and Tabby.
+          if (methodsLeft === null && !attemptedMethodIds.has("none")) {
+            attemptedMethodIds.add("none");
+            lastTriedMethod = "none";
+            sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', 'none (no credentials)');
+            return callback("none");
+          }
+
           // methodsLeft can be null on first call (before server responds with available methods)
           // Include "agent" for SSH agent-based auth (used with agentForwarding)
           const availableMethods = methodsLeft || ["publickey", "password", "keyboard-interactive", "agent"];
@@ -850,10 +1056,19 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
               // Only log safe identifier, not the full agent object which may contain private keys
               const agentType = typeof connectOpts.agent === "string" ? "path" : "NetcattyAgent";
               log("Trying agent auth", { id: method.id, agentType });
+              sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', 'SSH agent');
               // Return "agent" string to use SSH agent for authentication
               return callback("agent");
             } else if (method.type === "publickey") {
               log("Trying publickey auth", { id: method.id, isDefault: method.isDefault || false });
+              const keyLabel = method.id.startsWith("publickey-default-")
+                ? `key ${method.id.replace("publickey-default-", "")}`
+                : method.id.startsWith("publickey-encrypted-")
+                  ? `key ${method.id.replace("publickey-encrypted-", "")} (encrypted)`
+                  : method.id === "publickey-user"
+                    ? "configured key"
+                    : method.id;
+              sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', keyLabel);
               return callback({
                 type: "publickey",
                 username: connectOpts.username,
@@ -862,6 +1077,7 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
               });
             } else if (method.type === "password") {
               log("Trying password auth", { id: method.id });
+              sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', 'password');
               return callback({
                 type: "password",
                 username: connectOpts.username,
@@ -869,6 +1085,7 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
               });
             } else if (method.type === "keyboard-interactive") {
               log("Trying keyboard-interactive auth", { id: method.id });
+              sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', 'keyboard-interactive');
               // Return string instead of object - ssh2 requires a prompt function
               // for keyboard-interactive objects. Returning the string lets ssh2
               // use its default handling and trigger the keyboard-interactive event.
@@ -877,6 +1094,7 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
           }
 
           log("All auth methods exhausted");
+          sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', 'all methods exhausted');
           return callback(false);
         };
 
@@ -924,10 +1142,20 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
       connectOpts.sock = connectionSocket;
       delete connectOpts.host;
       delete connectOpts.port;
+    } else {
+      // Direct connection (no jump hosts, no proxy)
+      sendProgress(1, 1, options.hostname, 'connecting');
     }
 
     return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
       const logPrefix = hasJumpHosts ? '[Chain]' : '[SSH]';
+      let settled = false;
+
+      conn.once("handshake", () => {
+        console.log(`${logPrefix} ${options.hostname} handshake complete`);
+        sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'authenticating');
+      });
+
       conn.once("ready", () => {
         console.log(`${logPrefix} ${options.hostname} ready`);
 
@@ -939,9 +1167,8 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
           }
         }
 
-        if (hasJumpHosts || hasProxy) {
-          sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'connected');
-        }
+        sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'authenticated');
+        sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'shell');
 
         conn.shell(
           {
@@ -958,14 +1185,18 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
           },
           (err, stream) => {
             if (err) {
+              settled = true;
               conn.end();
               for (const c of chainConnections) {
                 try { c.end(); } catch { }
               }
+              sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'error', `Failed to open shell: ${err.message}`);
               reject(err);
               return;
             }
 
+            sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'connected');
+
             const session = {
               conn,
               stream,
@@ -975,6 +1206,9 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
               hostname: options.host || options.hostname || '',
               username: options.username || '',
               label: options.label || '',
+              lastIdlePrompt: '',
+              lastIdlePromptAt: 0,
+              _promptTrackTail: '',
             };
             sessions.set(sessionId, session);
 
@@ -1022,6 +1256,7 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
             stream.on("data", (data) => {
               const decoder = getSessionDecoder(sessionId, "stdout");
               const decoded = decoder.write(data);
+              trackSessionIdlePrompt(session, decoded);
               bufferData(decoded);
               sessionLogStreamManager.appendData(sessionId, decoded);
             });
@@ -1047,17 +1282,29 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
             });
 
             stream.on("close", () => {
-              // Flush any remaining data before close
+              // Always flush buffered data regardless of session state
               if (flushTimeout) {
                 clearTimeout(flushTimeout);
               }
               flushBuffer();
               sessionLogStreamManager.stopStream(sessionId);
-              const contents = event.sender;
-              safeSend(contents, "netcatty:exit", { sessionId, exitCode: streamExitCode, reason: streamExited ? "exited" : "closed" });
-              sessions.delete(sessionId);
-              sessionEncodings.delete(sessionId);
-              sessionDecoders.delete(sessionId);
+
+              // Only send exit if session hasn't already been cleaned up by
+              // conn.once("close") — which fires before stream.on("close")
+              // in ssh2 when the transport drops.
+              if (sessions.has(sessionId)) {
+                const contents = event.sender;
+                const session = sessions.get(sessionId);
+                const transportError = session?._transportError;
+                if (transportError) {
+                  safeSend(contents, "netcatty:exit", { sessionId, exitCode: 1, error: transportError, reason: "error" });
+                } else {
+                  safeSend(contents, "netcatty:exit", { sessionId, exitCode: streamExitCode, reason: streamExited ? "exited" : "closed" });
+                }
+                sessions.delete(sessionId);
+                sessionEncodings.delete(sessionId);
+                sessionDecoders.delete(sessionId);
+              }
               conn.end();
               for (const c of chainConnections) {
                 try { c.end(); } catch { }
@@ -1076,12 +1323,29 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
               }, 300);
             }
 
+            settled = true;
             resolve({ sessionId });
           }
         );
       });
 
       conn.on("error", (err) => {
+        // After the promise is settled, we can't reject again. But if the
+        // session was already established (resolved), we still need to notify
+        // the renderer about transport errors so the session shows as failed
+        // rather than silently closing.
+        // Don't send netcatty:exit here — the stream close handler will flush
+        // any buffered data first and then send exit with this error info.
+        if (settled) {
+          console.warn(`${logPrefix} ${options.hostname} post-settle error:`, err.message);
+          // Store the error so the close handler can include it in the exit event
+          if (sessions.has(sessionId)) {
+            const session = sessions.get(sessionId);
+            if (session) session._transportError = err.message;
+          }
+          return;
+        }
+
         const contents = event.sender;
 
         const isAuthError = err.message?.toLowerCase().includes('authentication') ||
@@ -1102,6 +1366,7 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
           console.error(`${logPrefix} ${options.hostname} error:`, err.message);
         }
 
+        sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'error', err.message);
         safeSend(contents, "netcatty:exit", { sessionId, exitCode: 1, error: err.message, reason: "error" });
         sessionLogStreamManager.stopStream(sessionId);
         sessions.delete(sessionId);
@@ -1110,6 +1375,10 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
         for (const c of chainConnections) {
           try { c.end(); } catch { }
         }
+        // Destroy the connection to prevent further socket errors from leaking
+        // as uncaught exceptions (e.g. ECONNRESET on embedded devices).
+        try { conn.destroy(); } catch { }
+        settled = true;
         reject(err);
       });
 
@@ -1117,6 +1386,7 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
         console.error(`${logPrefix} ${options.hostname} connection timeout`);
         const err = new Error(`Connection timeout to ${options.hostname}`);
         const contents = event.sender;
+        sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'error', err.message);
         safeSend(contents, "netcatty:exit", { sessionId, exitCode: 1, error: err.message, reason: "timeout" });
         sessionLogStreamManager.stopStream(sessionId);
         sessions.delete(sessionId);
@@ -1125,12 +1395,29 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
         for (const c of chainConnections) {
           try { c.end(); } catch { }
         }
+        try { conn.destroy(); } catch { }
+        settled = true;
         reject(err);
       });
 
       conn.once("close", () => {
         const contents = event.sender;
-        safeSend(contents, "netcatty:exit", { sessionId, exitCode: 0, reason: "closed" });
+        if (!settled) {
+          sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'error', `Connection to ${options.hostname} closed unexpectedly`);
+        }
+        // Only send exit if the session hasn't already been cleaned up by the
+        // error handler (avoids sending a misleading exitCode:0 "closed" after
+        // a real transport error was already reported).
+        if (sessions.has(sessionId)) {
+          const session = sessions.get(sessionId);
+          const transportError = session?._transportError;
+          if (transportError) {
+            // A transport error was recorded — report it as an error exit
+            safeSend(contents, "netcatty:exit", { sessionId, exitCode: 1, error: transportError, reason: "error" });
+          } else {
+            safeSend(contents, "netcatty:exit", { sessionId, exitCode: 0, reason: "closed" });
+          }
+        }
         sessionLogStreamManager.stopStream(sessionId);
         sessions.delete(sessionId);
         sessionEncodings.delete(sessionId);
@@ -1138,6 +1425,10 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
         for (const c of chainConnections) {
           try { c.end(); } catch { }
         }
+        if (!settled) {
+          settled = true;
+          reject(new Error(`Connection to ${options.hostname} closed unexpectedly`));
+        }
       });
 
       // Handle keyboard-interactive authentication (2FA/MFA)
@@ -1156,12 +1447,15 @@ async function startSSHSession(event, options) {
           return;
         }
 
+        sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', 'waiting for user input...');
+
         // Forward ALL prompts to user - no auto-fill to avoid semantic detection issues
         // (Prompt text is admin-customizable and may not contain expected keywords)
         const requestId = keyboardInteractiveHandler.generateRequestId('ssh');
 
         keyboardInteractiveHandler.storeRequest(requestId, (userResponses) => {
           console.log(`${logPrefix} Received user responses, finishing keyboard-interactive`);
+          sendProgress(totalHops, totalHops, options.hostname, 'auth-attempt', 'user responded');
           finish(userResponses);
         }, sender.id, sessionId);
 
@@ -1277,10 +1571,11 @@ async function execCommand(event, payload) {
             });
         });
       })
-      .once("error", (err) => {
+      .on("error", (err) => {
         if (settled) return;
         clearTimeout(timer);
         settled = true;
+        conn.end();
         reject(err);
       })
       .once("end", () => {
@@ -1462,7 +1757,11 @@ async function startSSHSessionWrapper(event, options) {
                 authError.isAuthError = true;
                 throw authError;
               }
-              throw retryErr;
+              // Wrap non-auth retry errors as connection errors to prevent crash
+              const connError = new Error(retryErr.message);
+              connError.level = retryErr.level || 'client-socket';
+              connError.code = retryErr.code;
+              throw connError;
             }
           } else {
             console.log('[SSH] User did not unlock any keys, not retrying');
@@ -1477,7 +1776,15 @@ async function startSSHSessionWrapper(event, options) {
       authError.isAuthError = true;
       throw authError;
     }
-    throw err;
+
+    // Non-auth errors (e.g. ECONNRESET, ETIMEDOUT) — wrap in a clean Error
+    // so Electron's ipcMain.handle can serialize it back to the renderer
+    // instead of it becoming an uncaught exception that crashes the app.
+    // See: https://github.com/nicely-gg/netcatty/issues/482
+    const connError = new Error(err.message);
+    connError.level = err.level || 'client-socket';
+    connError.code = err.code;
+    throw connError;
   }
 }
 
@@ -1547,11 +1854,41 @@ async function getServerStats(event, payload) {
 
   const conn = session.conn;
 
+  // macOS stats command: uses sysctl, vm_stat, top, ps, df, netstat
+  // CPU reported as direct percentage (top computes delta internally)
+  // cpuPerCore not available on macOS without sudo
+  const macosStatsCommand = [
+    `cores=$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu 2>/dev/null || echo "1")`,
+    `pagesize=$(sysctl -n hw.pagesize 2>/dev/null || echo "4096")`,
+    `memsize=$(sysctl -n hw.memsize 2>/dev/null || echo "0")`,
+    // CPU usage: top -l 1 gives one logging sample, parse idle%
+    `cpuline=$(top -l 1 -s 0 -n 0 2>/dev/null | grep "CPU usage:" | head -1)`,
+    `cpupct=$(echo "$cpuline" | awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++){if($(i+1)~/^idle/){v=$i;gsub(/%/,"",v);idle=v+0;found=1}};if(found)printf "%.0f",100-idle}')`,
+    // Memory: single vm_stat pipe → awk extracts all page counts (strip trailing dots with gsub)
+    // Outputs: "memfree memcached" in MB
+    `vmmem=$(vm_stat 2>/dev/null | awk -v ps="$pagesize" '/^Pages free:/{gsub(/[^0-9]/,"",$NF);free=$NF+0} /^Pages speculative:/{gsub(/[^0-9]/,"",$NF);spec=$NF+0} /^Pages inactive:/{gsub(/[^0-9]/,"",$NF);inact=$NF+0} /^Pages purgeable:/{gsub(/[^0-9]/,"",$NF);purg=$NF+0} END{mfree=int((free+spec)*ps/1024/1024);mcached=int((inact+purg)*ps/1024/1024);printf "%d %d",mfree,mcached}')`,
+    `memtotal=$(echo "$memsize" | awk '{printf "%d",$1/1024/1024}')`,
+    `memfree=$(echo "$vmmem" | awk '{print $1}')`,
+    `memcached=$(echo "$vmmem" | awk '{print $2}')`,
+    // Swap
+    `swapraw=$(sysctl vm.swapusage 2>/dev/null)`,
+    `swaptotal=$(echo "$swapraw" | awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++){if($i=="total"&&$(i+1)=="="){v=$(i+2);m=1;if(v~/G/)m=1024;gsub(/[MmGg]/,"",v);st=v*m}};printf "%.0f",st+0}')`,
+    `swapused=$(echo "$swapraw" | awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++){if($i=="used"&&$(i+1)=="="){v=$(i+2);m=1;if(v~/G/)m=1024;gsub(/[MmGg]/,"",v);su=v*m}};printf "%.0f",su+0}')`,
+    `swapfree=$(echo "$swaptotal $swapused" | awk '{printf "%.0f",$1-$2}')`,
+    // Top processes by memory%
+    `procs=$(ps -A -o pid=,%mem=,comm= 2>/dev/null | sort -k2 -rn | head -10 | awk '{gsub(/;/,"_",$3);printf "%s;%.1f;%s,",$1,$2,$3}' | sed 's/,$//')`,
+    // Disk: only show root "/" and external volumes "/Volumes/*", skip system APFS snapshots
+    `disks=$(df -k 2>/dev/null | awk 'NR>1&&index($1,"/dev/")==1&&NF>=9&&($NF=="/"||index($NF,"/Volumes/")==1){u=$3/1048576;t=$2/1048576;p=$5;gsub(/%/,"",p);printf "%s:%.0f:%.0f:%s,",$NF,u,t,p}' | sed 's/,$//')`,
+    // Network: Link# lines only, exclude loopback, detect column shift (no MAC addr → cols shift left)
+    `net=$(netstat -ib 2>/dev/null | awk '/^[a-z]/&&$3~/Link/&&$1!~/^lo/{if($4~/:/){rx=$7;tx=$10}else{rx=$6;tx=$9};if((rx+0)>0){gsub(/[*]/,"",$1);printf "%s:%s:%s,",$1,rx,tx}}' | sed 's/,$//')`,
+    `echo "CPU:$cpupct|CORES:$cores|MEMINFO:$memtotal $memfree 0 $memcached $swaptotal $swapfree|PROCS:$procs|DISKS:$disks|NET:$net"`,
+  ].join('; ');
+
   // Command to get CPU (overall + per-core), Memory, Disk, and Network stats
   // This command is designed to work across most Linux distributions
   // Note: Using semicolons and avoiding comments for single-line execution
   // CPU: Output raw values (total and idle) instead of percentage - we calculate delta on backend
-  const statsCommand = [
+  const linuxStatsCommand = [
     // Get number of CPU cores
     `cores=$(nproc 2>/dev/null || grep -c "^processor" /proc/cpuinfo 2>/dev/null || echo "1")`,
     // Get raw CPU values from /proc/stat: "total idle" for overall CPU
@@ -1575,6 +1912,8 @@ async function getServerStats(event, payload) {
     `echo "CPURAW:$cpuraw|CORES:$cores|PERCORERAW:$percoreraw|MEMINFO:$meminfo|PROCS:$procs|DISKS:$disks|NET:$net"`
   ].join('; ');
 
+  // Auto-detect OS via uname — only Linux and macOS are supported
+  const statsCommand = `ostype=$(uname -s 2>/dev/null || echo "Unknown"); if [ "$ostype" = "Darwin" ]; then ${macosStatsCommand}; elif [ "$ostype" = "Linux" ]; then ${linuxStatsCommand}; else echo "UNSUPPORTED_OS:$ostype"; fi`;
   return new Promise((resolve) => {
     const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
       resolve({ success: false, error: 'Timeout getting server stats' });
@@ -1603,8 +1942,16 @@ async function getServerStats(event, payload) {
 
         // Parse the output
         const output = stdout.trim();
+
+        // Unsupported OS — stop polling this session
+        if (output.startsWith('UNSUPPORTED_OS:')) {
+          resolve({ success: false, error: `Server stats not supported on this OS (${output.substring(15)})` });
+          return;
+        }
+
         const parts = output.split('|');
 
+        let cpuDirect = null;    // macOS: direct CPU percentage from top
         let cpuRawTotal = null;
         let cpuRawIdle = null;
         let cpuPerCoreRaw = [];  // Array of { total, idle }
@@ -1621,7 +1968,11 @@ async function getServerStats(event, payload) {
         let networkInterfaces = [];  // Array of { name, rxBytes, txBytes }
 
         for (const part of parts) {
-          if (part.startsWith('CPURAW:')) {
+          if (part.startsWith('CPU:')) {
+            // macOS: top reports CPU% directly (no delta needed)
+            const val = parseFloat(part.substring(4).trim());
+            if (!isNaN(val)) cpuDirect = Math.min(100, Math.max(0, Math.round(val)));
+          } else if (part.startsWith('CPURAW:')) {
             const rawParts = part.substring(7).trim().split(/\s+/);
             if (rawParts.length >= 2) {
               cpuRawTotal = parseInt(rawParts[0], 10);
@@ -1798,6 +2149,11 @@ async function getServerStats(event, payload) {
           }
         }
 
+        // macOS: use direct percentage from top (no delta needed)
+        if (cpu === null && cpuDirect !== null) {
+          cpu = cpuDirect;
+        }
+
         // Calculate per-core CPU usage from deltas
         if (cpuPerCoreRaw.length > 0 && prevCpu.perCore.length > 0) {
           cpuPerCore = cpuPerCoreRaw.map((core, index) => {
@@ -1833,6 +2189,12 @@ async function getServerStats(event, payload) {
         const diskUsed = rootDisk ? rootDisk.used : null;
         const diskTotal = rootDisk ? rootDisk.total : null;
 
+        // If no meaningful data was parsed, treat as failure to stop futile polling
+        if (cpu === null && memTotal === null && cpuCores === null) {
+          resolve({ success: false, error: 'Unable to parse server stats (unsupported OS or shell)' });
+          return;
+        }
+
         resolve({
           success: true,
           stats: {
@@ -1895,14 +2257,17 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
   ipcMain.handle("netcatty:ssh:get-default-keys", async () => {
     const sshDir = path.join(os.homedir(), ".ssh");
     const keys = [];
-    for (const name of DEFAULT_KEY_NAMES) {
-      const keyPath = path.join(sshDir, name);
-      try {
-        await fs.promises.access(keyPath, fs.constants.F_OK);
-        keys.push({ name, path: keyPath });
-      } catch {
-        // ignore missing keys
+    try {
+      const entries = await fs.promises.readdir(sshDir);
+      const names = entries.filter(f => SSH_KEY_PATTERN.test(f));
+      // Preferred first, then rest alphabetically
+      const preferred = PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES.filter(n => names.includes(n));
+      const rest = names.filter(n => !PREFERRED_KEY_NAMES.includes(n)).sort();
+      for (const name of [...preferred, ...rest]) {
+        keys.push({ name, path: path.join(sshDir, name) });
       }
+    } catch {
+      // ~/.ssh doesn't exist
     }
     return keys;
   });
@@ -1915,6 +2280,7 @@ function registerHandlers(ipcMain) {
 module.exports = {
   init,
   registerHandlers,
+  connectThroughChain,
   createProxySocket,
   startSSHSession,
   execCommand,

electron/bridges/terminalBridge.cjs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ const { SerialPort } = require("serialport");
 
 const sessionLogStreamManager = require("./sessionLogStreamManager.cjs");
 const { detectShellKind } = require("./ai/ptyExec.cjs");
+const { trackSessionIdlePrompt } = require("./ai/shellUtils.cjs");
 
 // Shared references
 let sessions = null;
@@ -52,6 +53,51 @@ function init(deps) {
   electronModule = deps.electronModule;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Create an 8ms/16KB PTY data buffer for reduced IPC overhead.
+ * Mirrors the SSH stream buffering strategy in sshBridge.cjs.
+ * @param {Function} sendFn - called with the accumulated string to deliver
+ * @returns {{ bufferData: (data: string) => void, flush: () => void }}
+ */
+function createPtyBuffer(sendFn) {
+  const FLUSH_INTERVAL = 8;      // ms - flush every 8ms (~120fps equivalent)
+  const MAX_BUFFER_SIZE = 16384; // 16KB - flush immediately if buffer grows too large
+
+  let dataBuffer = '';
+  let flushTimeout = null;
+
+  const flushBuffer = () => {
+    if (dataBuffer.length > 0) {
+      sendFn(dataBuffer);
+      dataBuffer = '';
+    }
+    flushTimeout = null;
+  };
+
+  const flush = () => {
+    if (flushTimeout) {
+      clearTimeout(flushTimeout);
+      flushTimeout = null;
+    }
+    flushBuffer();
+  };
+
+  const bufferData = (data) => {
+    dataBuffer += data;
+    if (dataBuffer.length >= MAX_BUFFER_SIZE) {
+      if (flushTimeout) {
+        clearTimeout(flushTimeout);
+        flushTimeout = null;
+      }
+      flushBuffer();
+    } else if (!flushTimeout) {
+      flushTimeout = setTimeout(flushBuffer, FLUSH_INTERVAL);
+    }
+  };
+
+  return { bufferData, flush };
+}
+
 /**
  * Find executable path on Windows
  */
@@ -245,6 +291,10 @@ function startLocalSession(event, payload) {
     label: "Local Terminal",
     shellExecutable: shell,
     shellKind,
+    flushPendingData: null,
+    lastIdlePrompt: "",
+    lastIdlePromptAt: 0,
+    _promptTrackTail: "",
   };
   sessions.set(sessionId, session);
 
@@ -259,13 +309,20 @@ function startLocalSession(event, payload) {
     });
   }
 
-  proc.onData((data) => {
+  const { bufferData: bufferLocalData, flush: flushLocal } = createPtyBuffer((data) => {
     const contents = electronModule.webContents.fromId(session.webContentsId);
     contents?.send("netcatty:data", { sessionId, data });
+  });
+  session.flushPendingData = flushLocal;
+
+  proc.onData((data) => {
+    trackSessionIdlePrompt(session, data);
+    bufferLocalData(data);
     sessionLogStreamManager.appendData(sessionId, data);
   });
 
   proc.onExit((evt) => {
+    flushLocal();
     sessionLogStreamManager.stopStream(sessionId);
     sessions.delete(sessionId);
     const contents = electronModule.webContents.fromId(session.webContentsId);
@@ -434,7 +491,12 @@ async function startTelnetSession(event, options) {
         webContentsId: event.sender.id,
         cols,
         rows,
+        flushPendingData: null,
+        lastIdlePrompt: "",
+        lastIdlePromptAt: 0,
+        _promptTrackTail: "",
       };
+      session.flushPendingData = flushTelnet;
       sessions.set(sessionId, session);
 
       // Start real-time session log stream if configured
@@ -463,6 +525,12 @@ async function startTelnetSession(event, options) {
 
     const telnetDecoder = new StringDecoder(charsetToNodeEncoding(options.charset));
 
+    const telnetWebContentsId = event.sender.id;
+    const { bufferData: bufferTelnetData, flush: flushTelnet } = createPtyBuffer((data) => {
+      const contents = electronModule.webContents.fromId(telnetWebContentsId);
+      contents?.send("netcatty:data", { sessionId, data });
+    });
+
     socket.on('data', (data) => {
       const session = sessions.get(sessionId);
       if (!session) return;
@@ -472,8 +540,8 @@ async function startTelnetSession(event, options) {
       if (cleanData.length > 0) {
         const decoded = telnetDecoder.write(cleanData);
         if (decoded) {
-          const contents = electronModule.webContents.fromId(session.webContentsId);
-          contents?.send("netcatty:data", { sessionId, data: decoded });
+          trackSessionIdlePrompt(session, decoded);
+          bufferTelnetData(decoded);
           sessionLogStreamManager.appendData(sessionId, decoded);
         }
       }
@@ -486,6 +554,7 @@ async function startTelnetSession(event, options) {
       if (!connected) {
         reject(new Error(`Failed to connect: ${err.message}`));
       } else {
+        flushTelnet();
         sessionLogStreamManager.stopStream(sessionId);
         const session = sessions.get(sessionId);
         if (session) {
@@ -500,6 +569,7 @@ async function startTelnetSession(event, options) {
       console.log(`[Telnet] Connection closed${hadError ? ' with error' : ''}`);
       clearTimeout(connectTimeout);
 
+      flushTelnet();
       sessionLogStreamManager.stopStream(sessionId);
       const session = sessions.get(sessionId);
       if (session) {
@@ -584,6 +654,10 @@ async function startMoshSession(event, options) {
       label: options.label || options.hostname || 'Mosh Session',
       shellKind: 'posix',
       shellExecutable: 'remote-shell',
+      flushPendingData: null,
+      lastIdlePrompt: "",
+      lastIdlePromptAt: 0,
+      _promptTrackTail: "",
     };
     sessions.set(sessionId, session);
 
@@ -598,13 +672,20 @@ async function startMoshSession(event, options) {
       });
     }
 
-    proc.onData((data) => {
+    const { bufferData: bufferMoshData, flush: flushMosh } = createPtyBuffer((data) => {
       const contents = electronModule.webContents.fromId(session.webContentsId);
       contents?.send("netcatty:data", { sessionId, data });
+    });
+    session.flushPendingData = flushMosh;
+
+    proc.onData((data) => {
+      trackSessionIdlePrompt(session, data);
+      bufferMoshData(data);
       sessionLogStreamManager.appendData(sessionId, data);
     });
 
     proc.onExit((evt) => {
+      flushMosh();
       sessionLogStreamManager.stopStream(sessionId);
       sessions.delete(sessionId);
       const contents = electronModule.webContents.fromId(session.webContentsId);
@@ -798,6 +879,7 @@ function closeSession(event, payload) {
   if (!session) return;
   
   try {
+    session.flushPendingData?.();
     if (session.stream) {
       session.stream.close();
       session.conn?.end();

electron/bridges/windowManager.cjs

@@ -5,7 +5,12 @@
 
 const path = require("node:path");
 const fs = require("node:fs");
-const globalShortcutBridge = require("./globalShortcutBridge.cjs");
+
+const V8_CACHE_OPTIONS = "bypassHeatCheck";
+
+function getGlobalShortcutBridge() {
+  return require("./globalShortcutBridge.cjs");
+}
 
 // Theme colors configuration
 const THEME_COLORS = {
@@ -443,6 +448,7 @@ function createAppWindowOpenHandler(shell, { backgroundColor, appIcon }) {
           nodeIntegration: false,
           // Sandboxed because this window renders remote content and does not need a preload bridge.
           sandbox: true,
+          v8CacheOptions: V8_CACHE_OPTIONS,
         },
       },
     };
@@ -687,11 +693,24 @@ async function createWindow(electronModule, options) {
       contextIsolation: true,
       nodeIntegration: false,
       sandbox: false,
+      v8CacheOptions: V8_CACHE_OPTIONS,
     },
   });
 
   mainWindow = win;
 
+  // Log renderer crashes for diagnostics (skip normal clean exits)
+  win.webContents.on("render-process-gone", (_event, details) => {
+    if (details?.reason === "clean-exit") return;
+    try {
+      const crashLogBridge = require("./crashLogBridge.cjs");
+      crashLogBridge.captureError("render-process-gone", new Error(
+        `Renderer process gone: reason=${details?.reason}, exitCode=${details?.exitCode}`
+      ), { reason: details?.reason, exitCode: details?.exitCode });
+    } catch {}
+    console.error("[WindowManager] Renderer process gone:", details);
+  });
+
   // Prevent top-level navigation away from the app origin. If a remote origin ever
   // loads in a privileged window (with preload), it can become an RCE vector.
   const allowedOrigins = new Set(["app://netcatty"]);
@@ -770,12 +789,12 @@ async function createWindow(electronModule, options) {
   // Save state when window is about to close
   win.on("close", (event) => {
     // Check if close-to-tray is enabled
-    if (!isQuitting && globalShortcutBridge.handleWindowClose(event, win)) {
+    if (!isQuitting && getGlobalShortcutBridge().handleWindowClose(event, win)) {
       // Window was hidden to tray - save state before returning
       if (saveStateTimer) clearTimeout(saveStateTimer);
       const state = getWindowBoundsState(win, lastNormalBounds);
       if (state) saveWindowStateSync(state);
-      closeSettingsWindow();
+      hideSettingsWindow();
       return;
     }
 
@@ -891,12 +910,13 @@ async function createWindow(electronModule, options) {
 /**
  * Create or focus the settings window
  */
-async function openSettingsWindow(electronModule, options) {
+async function openSettingsWindow(electronModule, options, { showOnLoad = true } = {}) {
   const { BrowserWindow, shell } = electronModule;
   const { preload, devServerUrl, isDev, appIcon, isMac, electronDir } = options;
 
-  // If settings window already exists, just focus it
+  // If settings window already exists, show and focus it
   if (settingsWindow && !settingsWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    settingsWindow.show();
     settingsWindow.focus();
     return settingsWindow;
   }
@@ -943,6 +963,7 @@ async function openSettingsWindow(electronModule, options) {
       contextIsolation: true,
       nodeIntegration: false,
       sandbox: false,
+      v8CacheOptions: V8_CACHE_OPTIONS,
     },
   });
 
@@ -1027,10 +1048,20 @@ async function openSettingsWindow(electronModule, options) {
     // ignore
   }
 
-  // Defer show until renderer is ready; use fallback timeout to avoid keeping window hidden forever.
-  setupDeferredShow(win, { timeoutMs: isDev ? 1200 : 600, waitForRendererReady: false });
+  // Hide instead of close so the window can be reused instantly.
+  // When the app is quitting, allow normal close/destroy.
+  win.on('close', (event) => {
+    if (!isQuitting) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      try {
+        win.hide();
+      } catch {
+        // ignore
+      }
+    }
+  });
 
-  // Clean up reference when closed
+  // Clean up reference when actually destroyed
   win.on('closed', () => {
     settingsWindow = null;
   });
@@ -1042,6 +1073,7 @@ async function openSettingsWindow(electronModule, options) {
     try {
       const baseUrl = getDevRendererBaseUrl(devServerUrl);
       await win.loadURL(`${baseUrl}${settingsPath}`);
+      if (showOnLoad) { win.show(); win.focus(); }
       return win;
     } catch (e) {
       console.warn("Dev server not reachable for settings window", e);
@@ -1050,20 +1082,51 @@ async function openSettingsWindow(electronModule, options) {
 
   // Production mode - load via custom protocol.
   await win.loadURL("app://netcatty/index.html#/settings");
+  if (showOnLoad) { win.show(); win.focus(); }
 
   return win;
 }
 
 /**
- * Close the settings window
+ * Destroy the settings window (used when the app is quitting).
  */
 function closeSettingsWindow() {
   if (settingsWindow && !settingsWindow.isDestroyed()) {
-    settingsWindow.close();
+    try {
+      settingsWindow.destroy();
+    } catch {
+      // ignore
+    }
     settingsWindow = null;
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Hide the settings window without destroying it (used when main window hides to tray).
+ */
+function hideSettingsWindow() {
+  if (settingsWindow && !settingsWindow.isDestroyed()) {
+    try {
+      settingsWindow.hide();
+    } catch {
+      // ignore
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pre-warm the settings window in the background so that opening it later is instant.
+ * The window is created hidden and fully loaded; `openSettingsWindow` will simply show it.
+ */
+async function prewarmSettingsWindow(electronModule, options) {
+  if (settingsWindow && !settingsWindow.isDestroyed()) return;
+  try {
+    await openSettingsWindow(electronModule, options, { showOnLoad: false });
+  } catch (err) {
+    debugLog("Failed to pre-warm settings window", { error: String(err) });
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Register window control IPC handlers (only once)
  */
@@ -1164,13 +1227,13 @@ function registerWindowHandlers(ipcMain, nativeTheme) {
 
   // Settings window close handler
   ipcMain.handle("netcatty:settings:close", (event) => {
-    // Prefer closing the tracked settings window (if any).
+    // Prefer hiding the tracked settings window (reused on next open).
     if (settingsWindow && !settingsWindow.isDestroyed()) {
       debugLog("settings:close (tracked)", {
         senderId: event?.sender?.id,
         settingsId: settingsWindow.webContents?.id,
       });
-      closeSettingsWindow();
+      hideSettingsWindow();
       return true;
     }
 
@@ -1300,6 +1363,7 @@ module.exports = {
   createWindow,
   openSettingsWindow,
   closeSettingsWindow,
+  prewarmSettingsWindow,
   buildAppMenu,
   getMainWindow,
   getSettingsWindow,

electron/main.cjs

@@ -18,16 +18,82 @@ if (process.env.ELECTRON_RUN_AS_NODE) {
   delete process.env.ELECTRON_RUN_AS_NODE;
 }
 
-// Handle uncaught exceptions for EPIPE errors
+// Load crash log bridge early so process-level error handlers can use it
+const crashLogBridge = require("./bridges/crashLogBridge.cjs");
+
+// SSH / network errors that must never crash the process.
+// ssh2 can emit multiple 'error' events per connection (e.g. ECONNRESET followed
+// by "Connection lost before handshake"). If a listener is consumed after the first
+// event, the second becomes an uncaught exception. These are non-fatal for the app.
+function isNonFatalNetworkError(err) {
+  if (!err) return false;
+  // Any error with an ssh2 `level` property is a connection/auth-level error,
+  // never a reason to kill the entire multi-session app.
+  if (err.level) return true;
+  const code = err.code;
+  // Common TCP/DNS/routing errors that can surface from Node.js sockets
+  // without an ssh2 `level` (e.g. proxy sockets, raw net.connect calls).
+  switch (code) {
+    case 'ECONNRESET':
+    case 'ECONNREFUSED':
+    case 'ECONNABORTED':
+    case 'ETIMEDOUT':
+    case 'ENOTFOUND':
+    case 'EHOSTUNREACH':
+    case 'EHOSTDOWN':
+    case 'ENETUNREACH':
+    case 'ENETDOWN':
+    case 'EADDRNOTAVAIL':
+    case 'EPROTO':
+    case 'EPERM':
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+// Handle uncaught exceptions — log all, only re-throw truly fatal ones
 process.on('uncaughtException', (err) => {
+  // Skip benign stream teardown errors — don't pollute crash logs with false positives
   if (err.code === 'EPIPE' || err.code === 'ERR_STREAM_DESTROYED') {
     console.warn('Ignored stream error:', err.code);
     return;
   }
+  // Non-fatal SSH/network errors: log but do NOT crash the process
+  if (isNonFatalNetworkError(err)) {
+    if (!err.__fromUnhandledRejection) {
+      try { crashLogBridge.captureError('uncaughtException', err); } catch {}
+    }
+    console.warn('Non-fatal uncaught exception (suppressed):', err.message);
+    return;
+  }
+  // Skip logging if already captured by unhandledRejection handler
+  if (!err.__fromUnhandledRejection) {
+    try { crashLogBridge.captureError('uncaughtException', err); } catch {}
+  }
   console.error('Uncaught exception:', err);
   throw err;
 });
 
+process.on('unhandledRejection', (reason) => {
+  // Skip benign stream teardown errors
+  const code = reason?.code;
+  if (code === 'EPIPE' || code === 'ERR_STREAM_DESTROYED') return;
+  // Non-fatal SSH/network errors: log but do NOT re-throw
+  if (isNonFatalNetworkError(reason)) {
+    try { crashLogBridge.captureError('unhandledRejection', reason); } catch {}
+    console.warn('Non-fatal unhandled rejection (suppressed):', reason?.message || reason);
+    return;
+  }
+  try { crashLogBridge.captureError('unhandledRejection', reason); } catch {}
+  console.error('Unhandled rejection:', reason);
+  // Re-throw to preserve fatal semantics. Mark so uncaughtException handler
+  // can skip duplicate logging.
+  const err = reason instanceof Error ? reason : new Error(String(reason));
+  err.__fromUnhandledRejection = true;
+  throw err;
+});
+
 // Load Electron
 let electronModule;
 try {
@@ -64,6 +130,16 @@ try {
 
 // Apply ssh2 protocol patch needed for OpenSSH sk-* signature layouts.
 
+function createLazyModule(modulePath) {
+  let cachedModule = null;
+  return () => {
+    if (!cachedModule) {
+      cachedModule = require(modulePath);
+    }
+    return cachedModule;
+  };
+}
+
 // Import bridge modules
 const sshBridge = require("./bridges/sshBridge.cjs");
 const sftpBridge = require("./bridges/sftpBridge.cjs");
@@ -71,21 +147,22 @@ const localFsBridge = require("./bridges/localFsBridge.cjs");
 const transferBridge = require("./bridges/transferBridge.cjs");
 const portForwardingBridge = require("./bridges/portForwardingBridge.cjs");
 const terminalBridge = require("./bridges/terminalBridge.cjs");
-const oauthBridge = require("./bridges/oauthBridge.cjs");
-const githubAuthBridge = require("./bridges/githubAuthBridge.cjs");
-const googleAuthBridge = require("./bridges/googleAuthBridge.cjs");
-const onedriveAuthBridge = require("./bridges/onedriveAuthBridge.cjs");
-const cloudSyncBridge = require("./bridges/cloudSyncBridge.cjs");
-const fileWatcherBridge = require("./bridges/fileWatcherBridge.cjs");
-const tempDirBridge = require("./bridges/tempDirBridge.cjs");
-const sessionLogsBridge = require("./bridges/sessionLogsBridge.cjs");
 const sessionLogStreamManager = require("./bridges/sessionLogStreamManager.cjs");
-const compressUploadBridge = require("./bridges/compressUploadBridge.cjs");
-const globalShortcutBridge = require("./bridges/globalShortcutBridge.cjs");
-const credentialBridge = require("./bridges/credentialBridge.cjs");
-const autoUpdateBridge = require("./bridges/autoUpdateBridge.cjs");
-const aiBridge = require("./bridges/aiBridge.cjs");
-const windowManager = require("./bridges/windowManager.cjs");
+// crashLogBridge is required at the top of the file (before error handlers)
+const getOauthBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/oauthBridge.cjs");
+const getGithubAuthBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/githubAuthBridge.cjs");
+const getGoogleAuthBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/googleAuthBridge.cjs");
+const getOnedriveAuthBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/onedriveAuthBridge.cjs");
+const getCloudSyncBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/cloudSyncBridge.cjs");
+const getFileWatcherBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/fileWatcherBridge.cjs");
+const getTempDirBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/tempDirBridge.cjs");
+const getSessionLogsBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/sessionLogsBridge.cjs");
+const getCompressUploadBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/compressUploadBridge.cjs");
+const getGlobalShortcutBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/globalShortcutBridge.cjs");
+const getCredentialBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/credentialBridge.cjs");
+const getAutoUpdateBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/autoUpdateBridge.cjs");
+const getAiBridge = createLazyModule("./bridges/aiBridge.cjs");
+const getWindowManager = createLazyModule("./bridges/windowManager.cjs");
 
 // GPU settings
 // NOTE: Do not disable Chromium sandbox by default.
@@ -317,6 +394,19 @@ const registerBridges = (win) => {
 
   const { ipcMain } = electronModule;
   const { safeStorage } = electronModule;
+  const oauthBridge = getOauthBridge();
+  const githubAuthBridge = getGithubAuthBridge();
+  const googleAuthBridge = getGoogleAuthBridge();
+  const onedriveAuthBridge = getOnedriveAuthBridge();
+  const cloudSyncBridge = getCloudSyncBridge();
+  const fileWatcherBridge = getFileWatcherBridge();
+  const tempDirBridge = getTempDirBridge();
+  const sessionLogsBridge = getSessionLogsBridge();
+  const compressUploadBridge = getCompressUploadBridge();
+  const globalShortcutBridge = getGlobalShortcutBridge();
+  const credentialBridge = getCredentialBridge();
+  const autoUpdateBridge = getAutoUpdateBridge();
+  const aiBridge = getAiBridge();
 
   const getCloudSyncPasswordPath = () => {
     try {
@@ -381,6 +471,7 @@ const registerBridges = (win) => {
   fileWatcherBridge.init(deps);
   globalShortcutBridge.init(deps);
   aiBridge.init(deps);
+  crashLogBridge.init(deps);
 
   // Initialize compress upload bridge with transferBridge dependency
   compressUploadBridge.init({
@@ -412,11 +503,12 @@ const registerBridges = (win) => {
   autoUpdateBridge.init(deps);
   autoUpdateBridge.registerHandlers(ipcMain);
   aiBridge.registerHandlers(ipcMain);
+  crashLogBridge.registerHandlers(ipcMain);
 
   // Settings window handler
   ipcMain.handle("netcatty:settings:open", async () => {
     try {
-      await windowManager.openSettingsWindow(electronModule, {
+      await getWindowManager().openSettingsWindow(electronModule, {
         preload,
         devServerUrl: effectiveDevServerUrl,
         isDev,
@@ -606,6 +698,24 @@ const registerBridges = (win) => {
     return result.filePath;
   });
 
+  // Select a file and return the selected path
+  ipcMain.handle("netcatty:selectFile", async (_event, { title, defaultPath, filters }) => {
+    const { dialog } = electronModule;
+
+    const result = await dialog.showOpenDialog({
+      title: title || "Select File",
+      defaultPath: defaultPath || os.homedir(),
+      filters: filters || [{ name: "All Files", extensions: ["*"] }],
+      properties: ["openFile", "showHiddenFiles"],
+    });
+
+    if (result.canceled || !result.filePaths.length) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return result.filePaths[0];
+  });
+
   // Select a directory and return the selected path
   ipcMain.handle("netcatty:selectDirectory", async (_event, { title, defaultPath }) => {
     const { dialog } = electronModule;
@@ -632,7 +742,7 @@ const registerBridges = (win) => {
     
     const client = require("./bridges/sftpBridge.cjs");
     // Use tempDirBridge for dedicated Netcatty temp directory
-    const localPath = await tempDirBridge.getTempFilePath(fileName);
+    const localPath = await getTempDirBridge().getTempFilePath(fileName);
     
     console.log(`[Main]   Local temp path: ${localPath}`);
     
@@ -671,7 +781,7 @@ const registerBridges = (win) => {
   // only carries the resolved temp path. Cancellation is NOT an error here —
   // the UI already transitions the task to "cancelled" via the dedicated event.
   ipcMain.handle("netcatty:sftp:downloadToTempWithProgress", async (event, { sftpId, remotePath, fileName, encoding, transferId }) => {
-    const localPath = await tempDirBridge.getTempFilePath(fileName);
+    const localPath = await getTempDirBridge().getTempFilePath(fileName);
     const cleanupPartialDownload = async () => {
       try {
         await fs.promises.rm(localPath, { force: true });
@@ -712,7 +822,7 @@ const registerBridges = (win) => {
   ipcMain.handle("netcatty:deleteTempFile", async (_event, { filePath }) => {
     try {
       // Only allow deleting files in Netcatty temp directory for security
-      const netcattyTempDir = path.resolve(tempDirBridge.getTempDir());
+      const netcattyTempDir = path.resolve(getTempDirBridge().getTempDir());
       const resolvedPath = path.resolve(String(filePath || ""));
       if (!isPathInside(netcattyTempDir, resolvedPath)) {
         console.warn(`[Main] Refused to delete file outside Netcatty temp dir: ${filePath}`);
@@ -736,7 +846,7 @@ const registerBridges = (win) => {
  * Create the main application window
  */
 async function createWindow() {
-  const win = await windowManager.createWindow(electronModule, {
+  const win = await getWindowManager().createWindow(electronModule, {
     preload,
     devServerUrl: effectiveDevServerUrl,
     isDev,
@@ -795,11 +905,12 @@ if (!gotLock) {
     }
 
     // Build and set application menu
-    const menu = windowManager.buildAppMenu(Menu, app, isMac);
+    const menu = getWindowManager().buildAppMenu(Menu, app, isMac);
     Menu.setApplicationMenu(menu);
 
     app.on("browser-window-created", (_event, win) => {
       try {
+        const windowManager = getWindowManager();
         const mainWin = windowManager.getMainWindow();
         const settingsWin = windowManager.getSettingsWindow();
         const isPrimary = win === mainWin || win === settingsWin;
@@ -818,7 +929,20 @@ if (!gotLock) {
     void createWindow().then(() => {
       // Trigger auto-update check 5 s after window creation.
       // startAutoCheck() is a no-op on unsupported platforms (Linux deb/rpm/snap).
-      autoUpdateBridge.startAutoCheck(5000);
+      getAutoUpdateBridge().startAutoCheck(5000);
+
+      // Pre-warm the settings window in the background so it opens instantly.
+      // Delay slightly to avoid competing with main window first-paint resources.
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        getWindowManager().prewarmSettingsWindow(electronModule, {
+          preload,
+          devServerUrl: effectiveDevServerUrl,
+          isDev,
+          appIcon,
+          isMac,
+          electronDir,
+        });
+      }, 3000);
     }).catch((err) => {
       console.error("[Main] Failed to create main window:", err);
       showStartupError(err);
@@ -832,7 +956,7 @@ if (!gotLock) {
       // If the main window was hidden (e.g. "close to tray"), clicking the Dock icon
       // should bring it back. Fallback to creating a new window if none exists.
       try {
-        const mainWin = windowManager.getMainWindow?.();
+        const mainWin = getWindowManager().getMainWindow?.();
         if (mainWin && !mainWin.isDestroyed?.()) {
           if (mainWin.isMinimized?.()) mainWin.restore();
           mainWin.show?.();
@@ -862,7 +986,7 @@ if (!gotLock) {
   });
 
   app.on("before-quit", () => {
-    windowManager.setIsQuitting(true);
+    getWindowManager().setIsQuitting(true);
   });
 
   // Cleanup all PTY sessions and port forwarding tunnels before quitting
@@ -883,12 +1007,12 @@ if (!gotLock) {
       console.warn("Error during port forwarding cleanup:", err);
     }
     try {
-      globalShortcutBridge.cleanup();
+      getGlobalShortcutBridge().cleanup();
     } catch (err) {
       console.warn("Error during global shortcut cleanup:", err);
     }
     try {
-      aiBridge.cleanup();
+      getAiBridge().cleanup();
     } catch (err) {
       console.warn("Error during AI bridge cleanup:", err);
     }

electron/preload.cjs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ const transferCompleteListeners = new Map();
 const transferErrorListeners = new Map();
 const transferCancelledListeners = new Map();
 const chainProgressListeners = new Map();
+const sftpConnectionProgressListeners = new Set();
 const authFailedListeners = new Map();
 const languageChangeListeners = new Set();
 const fullscreenChangeListeners = new Set();
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ function cleanupTransferListeners(transferId) {
 // chunk, then filter complete lines that contain the marker.
 
 const _mcpLineBufs = new Map(); // sessionId -> trailing fragment string
+const _mcpFlushTimers = new Map(); // sessionId -> delayed-flush timer
 
 // Returns true if `s` ends with a non-empty prefix of "__NCMCP_"
 // (i.e. the next chunk might complete it into a marker-containing line).
@@ -46,6 +48,13 @@ function _endsWithMarkerPrefix(s) {
 }
 
 function filterMcpChunk(sessionId, chunk) {
+  // Cancel any pending delayed flush — new data arrived
+  const pendingTimer = _mcpFlushTimers.get(sessionId);
+  if (pendingTimer) {
+    clearTimeout(pendingTimer);
+    _mcpFlushTimers.delete(sessionId);
+  }
+
   // Prepend any buffered fragment from the previous chunk
   const held = _mcpLineBufs.get(sessionId) || "";
   const data = held + chunk;
@@ -58,14 +67,18 @@ function filterMcpChunk(sessionId, chunk) {
 
   // Slow path: scan line by line
   let result = "";
+  let droppedAny = false;
   let pos = 0;
   while (pos < data.length) {
     const nlIdx = data.indexOf("\n", pos);
     if (nlIdx === -1) {
-      // Incomplete trailing line — no newline yet
+      // Incomplete trailing line — no newline yet.
+      // If we dropped any marker line in this chunk, or the tail itself
+      // looks like it could contain a marker, buffer it.  Long command
+      // echoes can wrap across PTY lines; wrapped fragments that don't
+      // contain __NCMCP_ would otherwise leak through as garbage.
       const tail = data.slice(pos);
-      if (tail.includes("__NCMCP_") || _endsWithMarkerPrefix(tail)) {
-        // Hold it; next chunk might complete or confirm the marker
+      if (droppedAny || tail.includes("__NCMCP_") || _endsWithMarkerPrefix(tail)) {
         _mcpLineBufs.set(sessionId, tail);
       } else {
         result += tail; // safe to display immediately
@@ -75,34 +88,52 @@ function filterMcpChunk(sessionId, chunk) {
     const line = data.slice(pos, nlIdx + 1); // includes the \n
     if (!line.includes("__NCMCP_")) {
       result += line;
+    } else {
+      droppedAny = true;
     }
-    // else: drop it — it's a wrapper marker line (or echo of one)
     pos = nlIdx + 1;
   }
 
-  // Also strip Posix pager prefix and Fish env lines that have no __NCMCP_
-  if (result) {
-    result = result
-      .replace(/PAGER=cat SYSTEMD_PAGER= GIT_PAGER=cat LESS= /g, "")
-      .replace(/^set -gx (?:PAGER|SYSTEMD_PAGER|GIT_PAGER|LESS) [^\r\n]*[\r\n]*/gm, "")
-      .replace(/^set "(?:PAGER|SYSTEMD_PAGER|GIT_PAGER|LESS)=[^"]*"[\r\n]*/gm, "");
-  }
-
   return result;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Deliver data to session listeners.  Used both by the normal data path
+ * and by the delayed-flush timer.
+ */
+function _deliverToListeners(sessionId, data) {
+  const set = dataListeners.get(sessionId);
+  if (!set || !data) return;
+  set.forEach((cb) => {
+    try { cb(data); } catch (err) { console.error("Data callback failed", err); }
+  });
+}
+
 ipcRenderer.on("netcatty:data", (_event, payload) => {
   const set = dataListeners.get(payload.sessionId);
   if (!set) return;
   const data = filterMcpChunk(payload.sessionId, payload.data);
-  if (!data) return;
-  set.forEach((cb) => {
-    try {
-      cb(data);
-    } catch (err) {
-      console.error("Data callback failed", err);
-    }
-  });
+  if (data) {
+    set.forEach((cb) => {
+      try {
+        cb(data);
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.error("Data callback failed", err);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+  // If there is buffered content waiting for more data (e.g. a prompt
+  // right after a dropped marker line), schedule a delayed flush so it
+  // appears after a short pause instead of staying hidden forever.
+  if (_mcpLineBufs.has(payload.sessionId)) {
+    const sid = payload.sessionId;
+    _mcpFlushTimers.set(sid, setTimeout(() => {
+      const held = _mcpLineBufs.get(sid);
+      _mcpLineBufs.delete(sid);
+      _mcpFlushTimers.delete(sid);
+      if (held) _deliverToListeners(sid, held);
+    }, 80));
+  }
 });
 
 ipcRenderer.on("netcatty:exit", (_event, payload) => {
@@ -118,22 +149,38 @@ ipcRenderer.on("netcatty:exit", (_event, payload) => {
   }
   dataListeners.delete(payload.sessionId);
   exitListeners.delete(payload.sessionId);
+  const pendingTimer = _mcpFlushTimers.get(payload.sessionId);
+  if (pendingTimer) {
+    clearTimeout(pendingTimer);
+    _mcpFlushTimers.delete(payload.sessionId);
+  }
   _mcpLineBufs.delete(payload.sessionId); // clean up any held fragment
 });
 
 // Chain progress events (for jump host connections)
 ipcRenderer.on("netcatty:chain:progress", (_event, payload) => {
-  const { hop, total, label, status } = payload;
+  const { sessionId, hop, total, label, status, error } = payload;
   // Notify all registered chain progress listeners
   chainProgressListeners.forEach((cb) => {
     try {
-      cb(hop, total, label, status);
+      cb(sessionId, hop, total, label, status, error);
     } catch (err) {
       console.error("Chain progress callback failed", err);
     }
   });
 });
 
+// SFTP connection progress events (auth method logs)
+ipcRenderer.on("netcatty:sftp:connection-progress", (_event, payload) => {
+  sftpConnectionProgressListeners.forEach((cb) => {
+    try {
+      cb(payload.sessionId, payload.label, payload.status, payload.detail);
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error("SFTP connection progress callback failed", err);
+    }
+  });
+});
+
 ipcRenderer.on("netcatty:languageChanged", (_event, language) => {
   languageChangeListeners.forEach((cb) => {
     try {
@@ -605,6 +652,9 @@ const api = {
   chmodSftp: async (sftpId, path, mode, encoding) => {
     return ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:sftp:chmod", { sftpId, path, mode, encoding });
   },
+  getSftpHomeDir: async (sftpId) => {
+    return ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:sftp:homeDir", { sftpId });
+  },
   // Write binary with real-time progress callback
   writeSftpBinaryWithProgress: async (sftpId, path, content, transferId, encoding, onProgress, onComplete, onError) => {
     // Register callbacks
@@ -805,6 +855,13 @@ const api = {
       chainProgressListeners.delete(id);
     };
   },
+  // SFTP connection progress listener (auth method logs)
+  onSftpConnectionProgress: (cb) => {
+    sftpConnectionProgressListeners.add(cb);
+    return () => {
+      sftpConnectionProgressListeners.delete(cb);
+    };
+  },
 
   // OAuth callback server
   startOAuthCallback: (expectedState) => ipcRenderer.invoke("oauth:startCallback", expectedState),
@@ -875,6 +932,8 @@ const api = {
     ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:showSaveDialog", { defaultPath, filters }),
   selectDirectory: (title, defaultPath) =>
     ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:selectDirectory", { title, defaultPath }),
+  selectFile: (title, defaultPath, filters) =>
+    ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:selectFile", { title, defaultPath, filters }),
 
   // File watcher for auto-sync feature
   startFileWatch: (localPath, remotePath, sftpId, encoding) =>
@@ -918,6 +977,16 @@ const api = {
   openSessionLogsDir: (directory) =>
     ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:sessionLogs:openDir", { directory }),
 
+  // Crash Logs
+  getCrashLogs: () =>
+    ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:crashLogs:list"),
+  readCrashLog: (fileName) =>
+    ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:crashLogs:read", { fileName }),
+  clearCrashLogs: () =>
+    ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:crashLogs:clear"),
+  openCrashLogsDir: () =>
+    ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:crashLogs:openDir"),
+
   // Global Toggle Hotkey (Quake Mode)
   registerGlobalHotkey: (hotkey) =>
     ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:globalHotkey:register", { hotkey }),
@@ -1057,8 +1126,11 @@ const api = {
   aiAllowlistAddHost: async (baseURL) => {
     return ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:ai:allowlist:add-host", { baseURL });
   },
-  aiExec: async (sessionId, command) => {
-    return ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:ai:exec", { sessionId, command });
+  aiExec: async (sessionId, command, chatSessionId) => {
+    return ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:ai:exec", { sessionId, command, chatSessionId });
+  },
+  aiCattyCancelExec: async (chatSessionId) => {
+    return ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:ai:catty:cancel", { chatSessionId });
   },
   aiTerminalWrite: async (sessionId, data) => {
     return ipcRenderer.invoke("netcatty:ai:terminal:write", { sessionId, data });

global.d.ts

@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ declare global {
     keyId?: string;
     keySource?: 'generated' | 'imported';
     label?: string; // Display label for UI
+    proxy?: NetcattyProxyConfig;
+    identityFilePaths?: string[];
   }
 
   // Host key information for verification
@@ -84,6 +86,8 @@ declare global {
     sudo?: boolean;
     // Session log configuration for real-time streaming
     sessionLog?: { enabled: boolean; directory: string; format: string };
+    // Local SSH key file paths (from SSH config IdentityFile)
+    identityFilePaths?: string[];
   }
 
   interface SftpStatResult {
@@ -117,12 +121,18 @@ declare global {
     username: string;
     password?: string;
     privateKey?: string;
+    certificate?: string;
+    keyId?: string;
     passphrase?: string;
+    proxy?: NetcattyProxyConfig;
+    jumpHosts?: NetcattyJumpHost[];
+    identityFilePaths?: string[];
   }
 
   interface PortForwardResult {
     tunnelId: string;
     success: boolean;
+    cancelled?: boolean;
     error?: string;
   }
 
@@ -208,7 +218,7 @@ declare global {
     }): Promise<{ stdout: string; stderr: string; code: number | null }>;
     /** Get current working directory from an active SSH session */
     getSessionPwd?(sessionId: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; cwd?: string; error?: string }>;
-    /** Get server stats (CPU, Memory, Disk, Network) from an active SSH session - Linux only */
+    /** Get server stats (CPU, Memory, Disk, Network) from an active SSH session */
     getServerStats?(sessionId: string): Promise<{
       success: boolean;
       error?: string;
@@ -314,6 +324,7 @@ declare global {
     renameSftp?(sftpId: string, oldPath: string, newPath: string, encoding?: SftpFilenameEncoding): Promise<void>;
     statSftp?(sftpId: string, path: string, encoding?: SftpFilenameEncoding): Promise<SftpStatResult>;
     chmodSftp?(sftpId: string, path: string, mode: string, encoding?: SftpFilenameEncoding): Promise<void>;
+    getSftpHomeDir?(sftpId: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; homeDir?: string; error?: string }>;
 
     // Write binary with real-time progress callback
     writeSftpBinaryWithProgress?(
@@ -461,8 +472,11 @@ declare global {
     onLanguageChanged?(cb: (language: string) => void): () => void;
 
     // Chain progress listener for jump host connections
-    // Callback receives: (currentHop: number, totalHops: number, hostLabel: string, status: string)
-    onChainProgress?(cb: (hop: number, total: number, label: string, status: string) => void): () => void;
+    // Callback receives: (sessionId: string, currentHop: number, totalHops: number, hostLabel: string, status: string, error?: string)
+    onChainProgress?(cb: (sessionId: string, hop: number, total: number, label: string, status: string, error?: string) => void): () => void;
+
+    // SFTP connection progress listener (auth method logs)
+    onSftpConnectionProgress?(cb: (sessionId: string, label: string, status: string, detail?: string) => void): () => void;
 
     // OAuth callback server for cloud sync
     startOAuthCallback?(expectedState?: string): Promise<{ code: string; state?: string }>;
@@ -578,6 +592,7 @@ declare global {
     // Save dialog for file downloads
     showSaveDialog?(defaultPath: string, filters?: Array<{ name: string; extensions: string[] }>): Promise<string | null>;
     selectDirectory?(title?: string, defaultPath?: string): Promise<string | null>;
+    selectFile?(title?: string, defaultPath?: string, filters?: Array<{ name: string; extensions: string[] }>): Promise<string | null>;
 
     // File watcher for auto-sync feature
     startFileWatch?(localPath: string, remotePath: string, sftpId: string, encoding?: SftpFilenameEncoding): Promise<{ watchId: string }>;
@@ -590,6 +605,28 @@ declare global {
     // Temp file cleanup
     deleteTempFile?(filePath: string): Promise<{ success: boolean }>;
 
+    // Crash Logs
+    getCrashLogs?(): Promise<Array<{ fileName: string; date: string; size: number; entryCount: number }>>;
+    readCrashLog?(fileName: string): Promise<Array<{
+      timestamp: string;
+      source: string;
+      message: string;
+      stack?: string;
+      errorMeta?: Record<string, unknown>;
+      extra?: Record<string, unknown>;
+      pid?: number;
+      platform?: string;
+      arch?: string;
+      version?: string;
+      electronVersion?: string;
+      osVersion?: string;
+      memoryMB?: { rss: number; heapUsed: number; heapTotal: number };
+      activeSessionCount?: number;
+      uptimeSeconds?: number;
+    }>>;
+    clearCrashLogs?(): Promise<{ deletedCount: number }>;
+    openCrashLogsDir?(): Promise<{ success: boolean }>;
+
     // Temp directory management
     getTempDirInfo?(): Promise<{ path: string; fileCount: number; totalSize: number }>;
     clearTempDir?(): Promise<{ deletedCount: number; failedCount: number; error?: string }>;
@@ -631,7 +668,8 @@ declare global {
     aiChatCancel?(requestId: string): Promise<boolean>;
     aiFetch?(url: string, method?: string, headers?: Record<string, string>, body?: string, providerId?: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; status: number; data: string; error?: string }>;
     aiAllowlistAddHost?(baseURL: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; error?: string }>;
-    aiExec?(sessionId: string, command: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; stdout?: string; stderr?: string; exitCode?: number | null; error?: string }>;
+    aiExec?(sessionId: string, command: string, chatSessionId?: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; stdout?: string; stderr?: string; exitCode?: number | null; error?: string }>;
+    aiCattyCancelExec?(chatSessionId: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; error?: string }>;
     aiTerminalWrite?(sessionId: string, data: string): Promise<{ ok: boolean; error?: string }>;
     aiDiscoverAgents?(): Promise<Array<{
       command: string;

index.tsx

@@ -13,6 +13,72 @@ import { ToastProvider } from './components/ui/toast';
 const LazySettingsPage = lazy(() => import('./components/SettingsPage'));
 const LazyTrayPanel = lazy(() => import('./components/TrayPanel'));
 
+function SettingsWindowFallback() {
+  return (
+    <div
+      style={{
+        height: '100vh',
+        display: 'flex',
+        flexDirection: 'column',
+        background: 'hsl(var(--background))',
+        color: 'hsl(var(--foreground))',
+        fontFamily: 'Space Grotesk, system-ui, sans-serif',
+      }}
+    >
+      <div
+        style={{
+          flexShrink: 0,
+          borderBottom: '1px solid hsl(var(--border))',
+          padding: '20px 16px 12px',
+        }}
+      >
+        <div style={{ fontSize: 18, fontWeight: 600 }}>Settings</div>
+        <div style={{ marginTop: 6, fontSize: 13, color: 'hsl(var(--muted-foreground))' }}>
+          Loading preferences...
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div style={{ display: 'flex', flex: 1, minHeight: 0 }}>
+        <div
+          style={{
+            width: 224,
+            flexShrink: 0,
+            borderRight: '1px solid hsl(var(--border))',
+            padding: 12,
+            display: 'flex',
+            flexDirection: 'column',
+            gap: 8,
+          }}
+        >
+          {Array.from({ length: 7 }).map((_, index) => (
+            <div
+              key={index}
+              style={{
+                height: 36,
+                borderRadius: 8,
+                background: index === 0 ? 'hsl(var(--card))' : 'hsl(var(--muted) / 0.45)',
+              }}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+
+        <div style={{ flex: 1, padding: 20, display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', gap: 14 }}>
+          {Array.from({ length: 6 }).map((_, index) => (
+            <div
+              key={index}
+              style={{
+                height: index === 0 ? 54 : 76,
+                borderRadius: 12,
+                background: 'hsl(var(--muted) / 0.38)',
+              }}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
 const rootElement = document.getElementById('root');
 if (!rootElement) {
   throw new Error("Could not find root element to mount to");
@@ -37,7 +103,7 @@ const renderApp = () => {
   if (route === 'settings') {
     root.render(
       <ToastProvider>
-        <Suspense fallback={null}>
+        <Suspense fallback={<SettingsWindowFallback />}>
           <LazySettingsPage />
         </Suspense>
       </ToastProvider>

infrastructure/ai/cattyAgent/executor.ts

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ export interface NetcattyBridge {
   aiExec(
     sessionId: string,
     command: string,
+    chatSessionId?: string,
   ): Promise<{
     ok: boolean;
     stdout?: string;
@@ -82,6 +83,7 @@ export function createToolExecutor(
   commandBlocklist?: string[],
   permissionMode: AIPermissionMode = 'confirm',
   webSearchConfig?: WebSearchConfig,
+  chatSessionId?: string,
 ): (toolCall: ToolCall) => Promise<ToolResult> {
   return async (toolCall: ToolCall): Promise<ToolResult> => {
     if (!bridge) {
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ export function createToolExecutor(
       };
     }
 
-    const deps: ToolDeps = { bridge, context, commandBlocklist, permissionMode, webSearchConfig };
+    const deps: ToolDeps = { bridge, context, commandBlocklist, permissionMode, webSearchConfig, chatSessionId };
     const args = toolCall.arguments;
 
     try {

infrastructure/ai/sdk/tools.ts

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export function createCattyTools(
   webSearchConfig?: WebSearchConfig,
   chatSessionId?: string,
 ) {
-  const deps: ToolDeps = { bridge, context, commandBlocklist, permissionMode, webSearchConfig };
+  const deps: ToolDeps = { bridge, context, commandBlocklist, permissionMode, webSearchConfig, chatSessionId };
 
   return {
     terminal_execute: tool({

infrastructure/ai/shared/toolExecutors.ts

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ export interface ToolDeps {
   commandBlocklist?: string[];
   permissionMode: AIPermissionMode;
   webSearchConfig?: WebSearchConfig;
+  chatSessionId?: string;
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ export async function executeTerminalExecute(
     return { ok: false, error: `Command blocked by safety policy. Matched pattern: ${safety.matchedPattern}` };
   }
 
-  const result = await bridge.aiExec(sessionId, command);
+  const result = await bridge.aiExec(sessionId, command, deps.chatSessionId);
   // Real execution failures (timeout, disconnect, no stream) have an `error` field
   if (!result.ok && result.error) {
     const parts = [result.error];

infrastructure/config/storageKeys.ts

@@ -87,5 +87,6 @@ export const STORAGE_KEY_AI_COMMAND_BLOCKLIST = 'netcatty_ai_command_blocklist_v
 export const STORAGE_KEY_AI_COMMAND_TIMEOUT = 'netcatty_ai_command_timeout_v1';
 export const STORAGE_KEY_AI_MAX_ITERATIONS = 'netcatty_ai_max_iterations_v1';
 export const STORAGE_KEY_AI_SESSIONS = 'netcatty_ai_sessions_v1';
+export const STORAGE_KEY_AI_ACTIVE_SESSION_MAP = 'netcatty_ai_active_session_map_v1';
 export const STORAGE_KEY_AI_AGENT_MODEL_MAP = 'netcatty_ai_agent_model_map_v1';
 export const STORAGE_KEY_AI_WEB_SEARCH = 'netcatty_ai_web_search_v1';

infrastructure/config/xtermPerformance.ts

@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ export const XTERM_PERFORMANCE_CONFIG = {
     // Font rendering settings
     letterSpacing: 0,
     lineHeight: 1,
+
+    // Keep viewport movement smooth without feeling sluggish.
+    smoothScrollDuration: 120,
   },
 
   // WebGL-specific optimizations
@@ -94,6 +97,11 @@ export const XTERM_PERFORMANCE_CONFIG = {
     // Debounce time for viewport scanning (ms)
     // Higher values = better scrolling performance, but slower highlight "catch up"
     debounceMs: 200,
+    // Minimum interval between immediate (rAF) refreshes in ms.
+    // Prevents heavy output (e.g. tail -f) from refreshing every frame.
+    immediateMinIntervalMs: 50,
+    // Number of unique line scan results to keep cached.
+    cacheEntries: 1200,
   },
 };
 
@@ -110,6 +118,7 @@ export type ResolvedXTermPerformance = {
     customGlyphs: boolean;
     letterSpacing: number;
     lineHeight: number;
+    smoothScrollDuration: number;
     documentOverride: boolean;
     tabStopWidth: number;
     convertEol: boolean;
@@ -177,6 +186,7 @@ export function resolveXTermPerformanceConfig({
     customGlyphs: baseConfig.rendering.customGlyphs,
     letterSpacing: baseConfig.rendering.letterSpacing,
     lineHeight: baseConfig.rendering.lineHeight,
+    smoothScrollDuration: baseConfig.rendering.smoothScrollDuration,
     documentOverride: baseConfig.events.documentOverride,
     tabStopWidth: baseConfig.events.tabStopWidth,
     convertEol: baseConfig.events.convertEol,

infrastructure/services/portForwardingService.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
  * for establishing and managing SSH port forwarding tunnels.
  */
 
-import { Host,PortForwardingRule } from '../../domain/models';
+import { Host, Identity, PortForwardingRule, SSHKey } from '../../domain/models';
+import { isEncryptedCredentialPlaceholder, sanitizeCredentialValue } from '../../domain/credentials';
+import { resolveHostAuth } from '../../domain/sshAuth';
 import { logger } from '../../lib/logger';
 import { netcattyBridge } from './netcattyBridge';
 
@@ -357,7 +359,9 @@ export const reconcileWithBackend = async (): Promise<{
 export const startPortForward = async (
   rule: PortForwardingRule,
   host: Host,
-  keys: { id: string; privateKey: string; passphrase: string }[],
+  hosts: Host[],
+  keys: SSHKey[],
+  identities: Identity[],
   onStatusChange: (status: PortForwardingRule['status'], error?: string) => void,
   enableReconnect = false
 ): Promise<{ success: boolean; error?: string }> => {
@@ -375,16 +379,71 @@ export const startPortForward = async (
   try {
     // Generate a unique tunnel ID
     const tunnelId = `pf-${rule.id}-${Date.now()}`;
-    
-    // Get the private key and passphrase if using key auth
-    let privateKey: string | undefined;
-    let passphrase: string | undefined;
-    if (host.identityFileId) {
-      const key = keys.find(k => k.id === host.identityFileId);
-      if (key) {
-        privateKey = key.privateKey;
-        passphrase = key.passphrase;
+
+    const resolved = resolveHostAuth({ host, keys, identities });
+    const key = resolved.key;
+    const proxy = host.proxyConfig
+      ? {
+        type: host.proxyConfig.type,
+        host: host.proxyConfig.host,
+        port: host.proxyConfig.port,
+        username: host.proxyConfig.username,
+        password: sanitizeCredentialValue(host.proxyConfig.password),
       }
+      : undefined;
+    let jumpHosts: NetcattyJumpHost[] | undefined;
+    if (host.hostChain?.hostIds?.length) {
+      const resolvedJumpHosts = host.hostChain.hostIds.map((hostId) =>
+        hosts.find((candidate) => candidate.id === hostId),
+      );
+      const missingJumpHostIds = host.hostChain.hostIds.filter((_, index) => !resolvedJumpHosts[index]);
+      if (missingJumpHostIds.length > 0) {
+        throw new Error(`Missing jump host configuration for host chain: ${missingJumpHostIds.join(", ")}`);
+      }
+      jumpHosts = resolvedJumpHosts
+        .filter((jumpHost): jumpHost is Host => Boolean(jumpHost))
+        .map((jumpHost, index) => {
+          const hasConfiguredJumpProxyEndpoint =
+            index === 0 &&
+            !!(jumpHost.proxyConfig?.host && jumpHost.proxyConfig?.port);
+          if (
+            hasConfiguredJumpProxyEndpoint &&
+            jumpHost.proxyConfig?.username &&
+            isEncryptedCredentialPlaceholder(jumpHost.proxyConfig.password) &&
+            !sanitizeCredentialValue(jumpHost.proxyConfig.password)
+          ) {
+            throw new Error(`Proxy credentials for jump host "${jumpHost.label || jumpHost.hostname}" cannot be decrypted on this device. Open host settings and re-enter the proxy password.`);
+          }
+          const jumpResolved = resolveHostAuth({ host: jumpHost, keys, identities });
+          const jumpKey = jumpResolved.key;
+          return {
+            hostname: jumpHost.hostname,
+            port: jumpHost.port || 22,
+            username: jumpResolved.username || 'root',
+            password: jumpResolved.password,
+            privateKey: jumpKey?.privateKey,
+            certificate: jumpKey?.certificate,
+            passphrase: jumpResolved.passphrase || jumpKey?.passphrase,
+            publicKey: jumpKey?.publicKey,
+            keyId: jumpResolved.keyId,
+            keySource: jumpKey?.source,
+            label: jumpHost.label,
+            proxy: jumpHost.proxyConfig?.host && jumpHost.proxyConfig?.port
+              ? {
+                type: jumpHost.proxyConfig.type,
+                host: jumpHost.proxyConfig.host,
+                port: jumpHost.proxyConfig.port,
+                username: jumpHost.proxyConfig.username,
+                password: sanitizeCredentialValue(jumpHost.proxyConfig.password),
+              }
+              : undefined,
+            identityFilePaths: jumpHost.identityFilePaths,
+          };
+        });
+    }
+    const usesTargetProxyForFirstHop = !!proxy && !jumpHosts?.[0]?.proxy;
+    if (usesTargetProxyForFirstHop && host.proxyConfig?.username && isEncryptedCredentialPlaceholder(host.proxyConfig.password) && !proxy?.password) {
+      throw new Error('Proxy credentials cannot be decrypted on this device. Open host settings and re-enter the proxy password.');
     }
     
     // Subscribe to status updates first
@@ -428,10 +487,15 @@ export const startPortForward = async (
       remotePort: rule.remotePort,
       hostname: host.hostname,
       port: host.port,
-      username: host.username,
-      password: host.password,
-      privateKey,
-      passphrase,
+      username: resolved.username,
+      password: resolved.password,
+      privateKey: key?.privateKey,
+      certificate: key?.certificate,
+      keyId: resolved.keyId,
+      passphrase: resolved.passphrase || key?.passphrase,
+      proxy,
+      jumpHosts: jumpHosts && jumpHosts.length > 0 ? jumpHosts : undefined,
+      identityFilePaths: host.identityFilePaths,
     });
     
     if (!result.success) {

lib/localFonts.ts

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ const KNOWN_MONOSPACE_FONTS = new Set([
     'noto sans mono',
     'sarasa mono',
     'maple mono',
+    'meslolgs nf',
 ]);
 
 /**
@@ -124,4 +125,4 @@ export async function getMonospaceFonts(): Promise<TerminalFont[]> {
         console.warn('Failed to query local fonts:', error);
         return [];
     }
-}
+}